THE ENLIGHTENMENT QUESTION How did humans behave before
THE ENLIGHTENMENT
QUESTION How did humans behave before society?
QUESTION: Does experience affect human nature? If so, how?
VIDEOS HOBBES https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=9 i 4 jb 5 XBX 5 s LOCKE https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=b. Zi. WZJg. JT 7 I
THOMAS HOBBES
HOBBES “Hobbes concluded that the nature of humans was competitive, that fear was their most powerful motive for action, and that their natural state was one of war…” (Frick, 11)
JOHN LOCKE
LOCKE “Locke saw men living in a state of nature which was basically reasonable and cooperative…” (Frick, 11)
HOBBES VS. LOCKE HOBBES LOCKE - “Locke’s view of - “Hobbes’s humankind as pessimistic view of essentially human nature did not reasonable and appeal to most benevolent enlightenment accorded much thinkers. ” better with the optimism of the (Frick, 11) age” (Frick, 11)
HOBBES = PESSIMIST
LOCKE = OPTIMIST
VIOLENT
PEACEFUL
ONE MORE LOOK AT HOBBES https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=2 Co 6 p. Nvd 9 mc&t=26 s
QUESTIONS FOR VIDEO What was the key for saving the world from chaos? What is the definition of contractarianism? Can morality change?
IMPLICIT “capable of being understood from something else though unexpressed” (Merriam Webster)
EXPLICIT “fully revealed or expressed without vagueness, implication, or ambiguity: leaving no question as to meaning or intent” (Merriam Webster)
QUESTION If there are natural laws for the universe, are there also natural laws for morality?
PRE DEBATE HANDOUT 1. First we will read the handouts as a group 2. Then we will split up into two groups. One group will take Hobbes, and the other will take Locke 3. Each group will summarize and present their figure to one another.
DEBATE!
DEBATE Take the next 20 minutes to prepare and polish your argument When you are finished –– - Group Hobbes will be on one side -Group Locke will be on the other *Remember: you must argue from the perspective of your thinker –– not from your own.
QUESTION What is your figure’s take on human nature?
DEBATE RULES *The debate will begin with a question 1. One person will talk at a time 2. If someone wishes to talk, please raise your hand I will call on you 3. All members of each group should contribute at least one comment to the debate
QUESTION 1 What is more important: Making people happy, or making people safe?
QUESTION 2 Would you trust someone you just met?
QUESTION 3 On the whole, are people willing to share with others?
QUESTION 4 Do we need locks on our doors?
QUESTION 5 Ultimately, are human beings good or bad?
QUESTION 6 Is it a good idea for any ruler to have “absolute power” ?
QUESTION 7 Do we need laws in order to be civilized, or would we be able to get along without them?
QUESTION 8 Are humans –– by nature –– good at sharing?
QUESTION 9 Are humans selfish by nature?
QUESTION 10 Are humans –– by nature –– violent?
QUESTION 11 Are we improving as a species?
QUESTION Is it possible for one ruler to have absolute power and not abuse it? If yes, why? If no, why?
MONTESQUIEU
VOCABULARY: SEPARATION OF POWERS “the principle or system of vesting in separate branches the executive, legislative, and judicial powers of a government. ” (Dictionary. com)
MONTESQUIEU “…born in the Aquitaine region of France on January 18, 1689, during the Age of Enlightenment. ” “…political thinker who gained the respect of his fellow philosophers with his masterwork The Spirit of the Laws * “…which went on to have a major influence on English and American government. ” (Biography. com)
MONTESQUIEU 2 “His masterwork, The Spirit of Laws, published in 1748, had enormous influence on how governments should work…” “He also established the idea of a separation of powers —legislative, executive and judicial—to more effectively propagate liberty. ” “. . . the work influenced England's Declaration of the Rights of Man and the U. S. Constitution. ” (Biography. com)
ENGLISH CIVIL WAR “The English Civil Wars (16421651) stemmed from conflict between Charles I and Parliament over an Irish insurrection. ” (History. com)
ENGLISH CIVIL WAR “The first war was settled with Oliver Cromwell’s victory for Parliamentary forces at the 1645 Battle of Naseby. ” (History. com)
“The second phase ended with Charles’ defeat at the Battle of Preston and his subsequent execution in 1649. ” (History. com)
ENGLISH CIVIL WAR “Charles’ son, Charles, then formed an army of English and Scottish Royalists, which prompted Cromwell to invade Scotland in 1650. ” (History. com)
ENGLISH CIVIL WAR “The following year, Cromwell shattered the remaining Royalist forces and ended the “wars of the three kingdoms, ” though Charles II eventually ascended to the throne in 1660. ” (History. com)
OLIVER CROMWELL
AFTERMATH The English conflict left some 34, 000 Parliamentarians and 50, 000 Royalists dead, while at least 100, 000 men and women died from war-related diseases, bringing the total death toll caused by the three civil wars in England to almost 200, 000. (History. com)
AFTERMATH “More died in Scotland, and far more in Ireland. Moreover, the trial and execution of an anointed sovereign and the presence of a standing army throughout the 1650 s, combined with the proliferation of radical religious sects, shook the very foundations of British society and ultimately facilitated the restoration of Charles II in 1660. ” (History. com)
2 GROUPS Directions: • Read and summarize handout from “The Spirit of the Laws” • Group 1 takes page 1 • Group 2 takes page 2 • Discuss page with group, put handout in your own words • Share summaries with one another
QUESTION
What does this quote mean, and do you agree with it? If yes, why yes? If not, why not?
VOLTAIRE
SCHOOL OF LIFE!
QUESTIONS • “why, if God is good, does he permit the existence of evil in the world? ” • We must cultivate our ______. • How could change be brought about?
VOLTAIRE: SCHOOL OF LIFE https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=LAz. KGk. TIKpg
VOCABULARY: DEISM “belief in the existence of a God on the evidence of reason and nature only, with rejection of supernatural revelation” (Dictionary. com)
BIOGRAPHY • “Author of the satirical novella 'Candide, ' Voltaire is widely considered one of France's greatest Enlightenment writers. ” • “Often at odds with French authorities over his politically charged works, he was twice imprisoned and spent many years in exile. ” • “He died shortly after returning to Paris in 1778. ” (Biography. com)
BIOGRAPHY 2 (Upon being exiled…) • “Voltaire moved to Prussia in 1750 as a member of Frederick the Great's court, and spent later years in Geneva and Ferney. ” • “By 1778, he was recognized as an icon of the Enlightenment's progressive ideals, and he was given a hero's welcome upon his return to Paris. ”
DENIS DIDEROT
QUESTION What would the world be like if only the wealthiest citizens had access to books?
TED ED: DENIS DIDEROT https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=jv 4 b. Wko. G 4 k 8&t=1 s
DENIS DIDEROT “French man of letters and philosopher who, from 1745 to 1772, served as chief editor of the Encyclopédie, one of the principal works of the Age of Enlightenment. ” (Britannica. com)
JEAN-JACQUES ROUSSEAU
SCHOOL OF LIFE!
• What was Rousseau’s “simple argument”? • In Rousseau’s state of nature, people are…? • Rousseau believed that children were born. . . • What was the important task of Rousseau’s Confessions?
ROUSSEAU https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=81 Kf. DXTTt. XE
IMMANUEL KANT
KANT QUESTION • By nature we are extremely prone to _______ • Kant is most famous for… • Definition of “categorical imperative” • The central duty of government is to ensure _______ • A good government is one that helps everyone become more ______
SCHOOL OF LIFE https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=nsg. Asw 4 XGv. U&t=2 s
QUESTION What are the necessary ingredients for a healthy society?
IMMANUEL KANT: CRASH COURSE https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=8 b. Iys 6 Jo. EDw
QUESTION Why do people struggle with the categorical imperative?
IMMANUEL KANT: CRASH COURSE • “Religion and morality were a terrible pairing” • “In order to determine what’s right, you have to use reason. ” • “You don’t need religion to know what that law is, because what’s right and wrong is totally knowable just by using your intellect”
CRASH COURSE • “moral actions cannot bring about contradictions” • “it is perfectly fine to use things as mere means, but not humans”
VOCABULARY: SECULARISM “indifference to or rejection or exclusion of religion and religious considerations” (Merriam Webster)
VOCABULARY: CATEGORICAL IMPERATIVE “a moral obligation or command that is unconditionally and universally binding” (Merriam Webster)
ADAM SMITH
ADAM SMITH: SCHOOL OF LIFE https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=ej. JRhn 53 X 2 M
ADAM SMITH “The rich accumulate money not because they are materially greedy, but primarily in order to be liked and approved of” (School of Life)
ADAM SMITH “The great secret of education is to direct vanity to proper objects. ” (School of Life)
ADAM SMITH “We need to be taught to want better quality things and pay a proper price for them. ” (School of Life)
VOCABULARY: CAPITALISM “an economic system in which resources and means of production are privately owned and prices, production, and the distribution of goods are determined mainly by competition in a free market” (Merriam Webster)
VOCABULARY: FREE MARKET “an economic market operating by free competition” (Merriam Webster)
VOCABULARY: LAISSEZ-FAIRE “a doctrine opposing governmental interference in economic affairs” (Merriam Webster)
QUESTION Is Capitalism the best form of economy we can come up with, or would it be possible to come up with something better? If so, what would that look like?
TABULA RASA “the mind in its hypothetical primary blank or empty state before receiving outside impressions” (Merriam Webster)
TEXTBOOK
WORKS CITED • “Dictionary. com. ” Dictionary. com, www. dictionary. com/. • “Explore Encyclopedia Britannica. ” Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. , www. britannica. com/. • Frick, Carole Collier. The Enlightenment: a Unit of Study for Grades 7 -10. National Center for History in the Schools, University of California, Los Angeles, 2012. • www. biography. com/people/charles-louis-de-secondat-21292453. • http: //www. history. com/topics/british-history/english-civil-wars • History. com Staff. “Oliver Cromwell. ” History. com, A&E Television Networks, 2009, www. history. com/topics/british-history/olivercromwell. • Biography. com Editors. "Voltaire. " Bio. com. A&E Networks Television, 12 Sept. 2016. Web. 16 Oct. 2016.
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