The Enjoyment of Music 10 th Shorter Edition

The Enjoyment of Music 10 th Shorter Edition The Enjoyment of Music 10 th, Shorter Edition

PART ONE The Materials of Music The Enjoyment of Music 10 th, Shorter Edition

Unit I The Elements of Music Tempo Conjunct motion Meter Melody Dynamics Harmony Homophonic Texture The Enjoyment of Music 10 th, Shorter Edition

Prelude: Listening to Music Today • Typical places and ways of listening to music • Understanding music requires active listening The Enjoyment of Music 10 th, Shorter Edition

Some Practical Suggestions • Practice • Listening Guides and the Resource CD • Knowledge of musical notation is not necessary • Hear music in a live performance! • Glossary (Appendix II) • Listening activities with the Resource CD The Enjoyment of Music 10 th, Shorter Edition

Attending Concerts • Recordings vs. live concerts • Art music vs. popular music The Enjoyment of Music 10 th, Shorter Edition

To find a concert, check listings: • For on-campus concerts (Music Department) • In local and college newspapers • On Web sites of concert calendars The Enjoyment of Music 10 th, Shorter Edition

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1. Melody: Musical Line “It is the melody which is the charm of music, and it is that which is most difficult to produce. The invention of a fine melody is a work of genius. ” - Haydn Joseph Haydn The Enjoyment of Music 10 th, Shorter Edition

Defining Melody: a coherent succession of single pitches Billings: “Chester” Bach: “The Well-Tempered Clavier” The Enjoyment of Music 10 th, Shorter Edition

Note: musical symbol for sound Quarter note Half note The Enjoyment of Music 10 th, Shorter Edition Eighth note

Characteristics of Melody: Range “America” “Greensleeves” Strauss: Don Juan The Enjoyment of Music 10 th, Shorter Edition

Characteristics of Melody: Contour Strauss: Don Juan Mozart: Piano Concerto Grieg: Peer Gynt Suite Tchaikovsky: The Nutcracker The Enjoyment of Music 10 th, Shorter Edition

Characteristics of Melody Conjunct Movement: A smooth, connected melody that moves principally by small intervals. Beethoven: String Quartet No. 1 The Enjoyment of Music 10 th, Shorter Edition

Characteristics of Melody Disjunct movement: A disjointed or disconnected melody with many leaps. Brahms: Violin Concerto in D, Op. 77, III The Enjoyment of Music 10 th, Shorter Edition

The Structure of Melody Phrase: A unit of meaning within a larger structure, like a musical sentence. Cadence: A resting place in a musical phrase. Mozart: Symphony No. 40, I The Enjoyment of Music 10 th, Shorter Edition

The Structure of Melody Rhyme Scheme: Poetic phrases and musical phrases generally align. Billings: “Chester” The Enjoyment of Music 10 th, Shorter Edition

The Structure of Melody Countermelody: An added melody sounding against another melody. Prokofiev: Violin Concerto The Enjoyment of Music 10 th, Shorter Edition

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2. Rhythm: Musical Time Rhythm: Length, or duration of individual notes. Beat: Regular pulsation. Accent: Beats that are stronger. Beethoven: “Turkish March” (duple) The Enjoyment of Music 10 th, Shorter Edition

2. Rhythm: Simple Meter Duple Meter Bar line Measure Triple Meter Quadruple Meter (Common Time) The Enjoyment of Music 10 th, Shorter Edition

2. Rhythm: Meter Sousa: “Stars and Stripes Forever” Duple Meter Mahler: Symphony No. 1, III Purcell: Rondeau from Abdelazar Triple Meter Vivaldi: The Four Seasons, “Autumn” Quadruple Meter (Common Time) Brahms: Symphony No. 1, IV Grieg: Peer Gynt Suite The Enjoyment of Music 10 th, Shorter Edition

Musical Time Metrical Patterns: Simple recurring patterns, typically 2, 3, or 4 beats grouped in a measure. Downbeats The Enjoyment of Music 10 th, Shorter Edition

Musical Time: Compound Meter 6/8 9/8 The Enjoyment of Music 10 th, Shorter Edition

Musical Time: Compound Meter 6/8 Corelli: Violin Sonata, Gigue 9/8 Bach: Jesu, Joy of Man’s Desiring 12/8 Fauré: Pelleas et Melisande, “Sicilienne” The Enjoyment of Music 10 th, Shorter Edition

Musical Time Syncopation: Deliberate disruption of pattern; accent shifted to a weak beat or offbeat. Borodin: Prince Igor, “Polovetsian Dances” Stravinsky: The Rite of Spring, “Dance of the Youths…” Tchaikovsky: Piano Concerto No. 1 The Enjoyment of Music 10 th, Shorter Edition

Musical Time Polyrhythm: Simultaneous use of different rhythmic patterns. Stravinsky: The Rite of Spring, “Sacrificial Dance…” The Enjoyment of Music 10 th, Shorter Edition

Musical Time Additive Meter: Irregular grouping of beats in a larger pattern. Shankar: Bhimpalasi The Enjoyment of Music 10 th, Shorter Edition

Musical Time Nonmetric: Music without a strong sense of beat or meter. Gregorian chant: “Alleluia, emitte spiritum” Gregorian chant: “Venite, exsultemus domino” The Enjoyment of Music 10 th, Shorter Edition

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3. Harmony: Musical Space Vertical aspect of music Chord The Enjoyment of Music 10 th, Shorter Edition

3. Harmony: Musical Space Scale: A collection of pitches arranged in ascending or descending order. Octave (descending) Do ti la sol fa mi re do 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 The Enjoyment of Music 10 th, Shorter Edition

The Function of Harmony Triad: three-note chord, do-mi-sol or 1 -3 -5 The Enjoyment of Music 10 th, Shorter Edition

The Organization of Harmony • Tonic or keynote: First note of scale (do) is “home base” • Tonality Major tonality Minor tonality • Diatonic harmony • Chromatic harmony The Enjoyment of Music 10 th, Shorter Edition

The Organization of Harmony: Tonality Major Tonality Haydn: Symphony No. 94, III Minor Tonality Chopin: Mazurka Quiz Chopin: Prelude Mendelssohn: Symphony No. 4, I Vivaldi: Concerto for Piccolo Haydn: Symphony No. 45, I The Enjoyment of Music 10 th, Shorter Edition

The Organization of Harmony Diatonic Harmony Bach: The Well-Tempered Clavier, I Chromatic Harmony Bach: Chromatic Fantasia and Fugue Quiz: “Joy to the World” Wagner: Tristan und Isolde Haydn: Trumpet Concerto, III The Enjoyment of Music 10 th, Shorter Edition

Consonance and Dissonance: Stravinsky: The Rite of Spring, “Dance of the Youths…” Consonance: Mendelssohn: Midsummer Night’s Dream, Nocturne Drone: Shankar: Bhimpalasi The Enjoyment of Music 10 th, Shorter Edition

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4. Musical Texture: Types of Texture Monophony: Single-line texture, or melody without accompaniment. Gregorian chant: Psalm 94, “Venite, exsultemus domino” Gregorian chant: Whitsunday Mass, “Alleluia, emitte…” The Enjoyment of Music 10 th, Shorter Edition

4. Musical Texture: Types of Texture Heterophony: Texture in which two or more voices (or parts) elaborate the same melody simultaneously, often the result of improvisation. African traditional, Gabon: “Porter’s Song” African traditional: “Herding Song” The Enjoyment of Music 10 th, Shorter Edition

4. Musical Texture: Types of Texture Polyphony: Two or more melodic lines combined into a multivoiced texture. • Nonimitative Polyphony (simultaneous melodies) Rimsky-Korsakov: “Capriccio espagnol, Fandano asturiano” Bach: Jesu, Joy of Man’s Desiring • Imitative Polyphony Marenzio: “La bella ninfa mia” Handel: Concerto Grosso in G Bach: Concerto for Violin and Oboe, II The Enjoyment of Music 10 th, Shorter Edition

4. Musical Texture: Types of Texture Homophony: Texture with principal melody and accompanying harmony. Dvořák: Symphony No. 9, II Grieg: Peer Gynt Suite The Enjoyment of Music 10 th, Shorter Edition

4. Musical Texture: Types of Texture QUIZ: Monophony - Homophony –Polyphony American traditional: “America” Mahler: Symphony No. 1, III Mozart: Piano Concerto No. 21 Bach: Brandenburg Concerto No. 4, III Billings: “Chester” The Enjoyment of Music 10 th, Shorter Edition

Contrapuntal Devices • Imitation – Canon • Round – Ex. : “Row, Row Your Boat” The Enjoyment of Music 10 th, Shorter Edition

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5. Musical Form: Structure and Design in Music Purcell: Rondeau from Abdelazar Chopin: Prelude in E Mozart: Piano Concerto, II Beethoven: String Quartet in F The Enjoyment of Music 10 th, Shorter Edition

5. Musical Form: Structure and Design in Music British traditional: “Greensleeves” Handel: Keyboard Suite No. 5 Shankar: Bhimpalasi The Enjoyment of Music 10 th, Shorter Edition

Two-Part and Three-Part Form Brahms: Symphony No. 1, IV British traditional: “Greensleeves” Dvořák: Symphony No. 9, II The Enjoyment of Music 10 th, Shorter Edition

The Building Blocks of Form Theme: A melodic idea used as a building block in music. Thematic development Purcell: Rondeau from Abdelazar Thematic transformation (Berlioz: Symphony fantastique) Mvt. III Mvt. V Mvt. IV The Enjoyment of Music 10 th, Shorter Edition

The Building Blocks of Form: Theme Sequence Handel: Concerto Grosso, II Purcell: Rondeau from Abdelazar Motive Mozart: Symphony No. 40, I The Enjoyment of Music 10 th, Shorter Edition

The Building Blocks of Form Call and response, or responsorial African traditional: “Porter’s Song” Gregorian chant: Whitsunday Mass Ostinato Couperin: “Les barricades misterieuses” The Enjoyment of Music 10 th, Shorter Edition

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6. Musical Expression: Tempo and Dynamics, The Pace of Music Mozart: Abduction from the Seraglio, Overture Handel: Sampson, “Let the Bright Seraphim” Bach, C. P. E. , Trio Sonata, I The Enjoyment of Music 10 th, Shorter Edition

6. Musical Expression: Tempo and Dynamics, The Pace of Music Glière: “Russian Sailor’s Dance” Smetana: The Moldau The Enjoyment of Music 10 th, Shorter Edition

Loudness and Softness: Dynamics Strauss: Don Juan Prokofiev: Classical Symphony, III Fauré: Pelleas et Melisande, “Sicileinne” Mahler: Symphony No. 1, III The Enjoyment of Music 10 th, Shorter Edition

Moving from One Dynamic to Another Liszt: Hungarian Rhapsody No. 2 Smetana: The Moldau The Enjoyment of Music 10 th, Shorter Edition

Musical Expression: Shaping the Expressive Content of Music • Metronome • Interpretation Chopin: Fantasie Impromptu (rubato) The Enjoyment of Music 10 th, Shorter Edition

Unit II Musical Instruments and Ensembles The Enjoyment of Music 10 th, Shorter Edition

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7. Voices and Musical Instruments I: • Musical timbre The Enjoyment of Music 10 th, Shorter Edition

The Voice as a Model for Instrumental Sound Soprano Mezzo Soprano Schumann: Die Soldatenbraut Bizet: Carmen, “Habanera” Alto Handel: Messiah, “O thou that tellest” Tenor Verdi: Rigoletto, “La donna è mobile” Baritone Rossini: The Barber of Seville Bass The Enjoyment of Music 10 th, Shorter Edition

The World of Musical Instruments: Sachs-Hornbostel System • • Aerophones Chordophones Idiophones Membranophones The Enjoyment of Music 10 th, Shorter Edition

8. Musical Instruments II Western Families • String Instruments (chordophones) Bowed and plucked Bowed (rosin) Violin [video] Viola [video] Violoncello (Cello) [video] Double bass [video] • “Heart of the Orchestra” The Enjoyment of Music 10 th, Shorter Edition

Special Effects of the Bowed String Family Legato Staccato Pizzicato Vibrato Glissando Tremolo Trill Double-stopping Triple- or quadruplestopping Harmonics The Enjoyment of Music 10 th, Shorter Edition

Plucked String Instruments • Harp [video] Pedals Arpeggio • Guitar [video] Fretted fingerboard The Enjoyment of Music 10 th, Shorter Edition

Woodwind Instruments (Aerophones) • Played by blowing air into a mouth hole, or mouthpiece fitted with single or double reeds • Holes in the body of the instrument Flute [video] Piccolo [video] Oboe [video] English horn [video] Clarinet [video] Bass clarinet [video] Bassoon [video] Contrabassoon [video] Saxophone Tenor [video] The Enjoyment of Music 10 th, Shorter Edition

Brass Instruments (Aerophones) • All have metal mouthpiece attached to metal tubing that flares at the end into a bell – Mute • Valves, keys, slides in tubing • Lips “buzz” and act as double reed – Embouchure Trumpet [video] French horn [video] Trombone [video] Tuba [video] Cornet, bugle [video] fluegelhorn, [video] euphonium, [video] sousaphone The Enjoyment of Music 10 th, Shorter Edition

Percussion Instruments (Idiophones and Membranophones) Timpani or kettledrums [video] Xylophone [video] Marimba [video] Vibraphone Glockenspiel [video] Celesta Chimes or tubular bells [video] The Enjoyment of Music 10 th, Shorter Edition

Percussion: Indefinite pitch • • Snare drum or side drum [video] Tenor drum Bass drum [video] Tom-tom, tambourine [video], castanets [video], triangle [video], cymbals [video], gong The Enjoyment of Music 10 th, Shorter Edition

Other Instruments • • Piano (pianoforte) [video] Electric piano Organ [video] Harpsichord [video] The Enjoyment of Music 10 th, Shorter Edition

9. Musical Ensembles • Choral Groups – A cappella singing – Chorus = large group – Choir = smaller group The Enjoyment of Music 10 th, Shorter Edition

9. Musical Ensembles • Instrumental Chamber Ensembles – String quartet – Duo sonata – Trio, quartet, quintet, etc. The Enjoyment of Music 10 th, Shorter Edition

The Orchestra: • Western Symphony Orchestra – – Strings Woodwinds Brass Percussion The Enjoyment of Music 10 th, Shorter Edition

Bands Wind, Marching, Rock, Jazz The Enjoyment of Music 10 th, Shorter Edition

The Role of the Conductor • • Leader of large ensembles Time and tempo Baton Interpret • The concertmaster The Enjoyment of Music 10 th, Shorter Edition

The Orchestra in Action Benjamin Britten: The Young Person’s Guide to the Orchestra (Listening Guide) • Subtitled Variations and Fugue on a Theme of Purcell – Theme and 13 short variations – Fugue based on a fragment of the Purcell theme Listening Guide PDF The Enjoyment of Music 10 th, Shorter Edition

10. Style and Function of Music in Society • Sacred music • Secular music The Enjoyment of Music 10 th, Shorter Edition

Musical Styles in History Style Genre Medium Historical periods Medieval Era Renaissance Era Baroque Era Classical Era Romantic Era Twentieth Century The Enjoyment of Music 10 th, Shorter Edition

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