The Enjoyment of Music 10 th Shorter Edition

The Enjoyment of Music 10 th Shorter Edition The Enjoyment of Music 10 th, Shorter Edition

Unit VIII Instrumental Music of the Baroque Vivaldi J. S. Bach Handel The Enjoyment of Music 10 th, Shorter Edition

25. The Baroque Sonata and Concerto • The Rise of Instrumental Music • Early- vs. late-Baroque instrumentation The Enjoyment of Music 10 th, Shorter Edition

Baroque Instruments • Instrument designs were improved • Finest violins in history came from shops of Stradivarius Guarneri Amati The Enjoyment of Music 10 th, Shorter Edition

The Baroque Orchestra • • Violin strings made of gut Woodwinds made of wood Horns and trumpets: valveless, called “natural” Timpani The Enjoyment of Music 10 th, Shorter Edition

Baroque Keyboard Instruments • Organ • Harpsichord • Clavichord harpsichord The Enjoyment of Music 10 th, Shorter Edition

Sonata Types • Sonata da camera • Sonata da chiesa • Written for 1– 8 instruments • Favored combination: two violins and continuo • Trio sonata The Enjoyment of Music 10 th, Shorter Edition

Baroque Concerto • Contrast and unity • Latin concertare (“to contend with”) • Opposition of different forces The Enjoyment of Music 10 th, Shorter Edition

Two Types of Concerto Solo Concerto Vivaldi: Concerto for Piccolo in C, I Concerto Grosso Concertino Ripieno, or tutti Handel: Concerto Grosso in G, II The Enjoyment of Music 10 th, Shorter Edition

Antonio Vivaldi (1678– 1741) • Italian violinist and composer • “The red priest” • Conservatorio del’Ospedale della Pietà (Venice) • Prolific composer “Above all, he was possessed by music. ” —Marc Pincherle The Enjoyment of Music 10 th, Shorter Edition

Vivaldi: The Four Seasons (Le quattro stagioni) (Listening Guide) • Group of four violin concertos • Each concerto accompanied by a poem • Music depicts specific lines of the poem – No. 1: “Spring” (La primavera) – No. 2: “Summer” (L’estate) – No. 3: “Autumn” (L’autunno) – No. 4: “Winter” (L’inverno) The Enjoyment of Music 10 th, Shorter Edition

Vivaldi: The Four Seasons (Le quattro stagioni) (Listening Guide) “Spring” (La primavera) Solo violin, string orchestra, continuo Three movements: I: Evokes animals and nature Ritornello form II: Largo in triple meter Imagery form a sleeping goatherd’s poem Ostinato “dog bark” in violas III: Rustic dance, drone of bagpipes Listening Guide PDF The Enjoyment of Music 10 th, Shorter Edition

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26. The Baroque Suite: Each movement is A-A-B-B • Allemande • Courante • Sarabande • Gigue (jig) Corelli. Violin Sonata, Gigue • Other optional dances: minuet, gavotte, bourrée, passepied • Repeated sections ornamented second time The Enjoyment of Music 10 th, Shorter Edition

Handel and the Orchestral Suite Two notable suites by Handel • Water Music • Music for the Royal Fireworks The Enjoyment of Music 10 th, Shorter Edition

Water Music, Suite in D major, II (Listening Guide) • Royal party on the Thames River in London, July 17, 1717 • 22 numbers • Performed without continuo • Divided into three suites The Enjoyment of Music 10 th, Shorter Edition

Water Music, Suite in D major, II (Listening Guide) D-major Suite • Opens with fanfare-like theme in trumpets • Answered by horns and strings • Followed by lively hornpipe (dance) Listening Guide PDF The Enjoyment of Music 10 th, Shorter Edition

Music at the French Royal Court • Grand entertainments of Louis XIV and Louis XV – Court composer: Jean-Baptiste Lully • • Composer at the Palace of Versailles (outside Paris) Director of the 24 Violons du Roy The Enjoyment of Music 10 th, Shorter Edition

Jean-Joseph Mouret (1682 -1738) • Theatrical composer at the court in Paris – Stage works – Divertissements • Instrumental suites – Suite de symphonies The Enjoyment of Music 10 th, Shorter Edition

Mouret: Rondeau, from Suite de symphonies (Listening Guide) • Written for a full Baroque orchestra • Familiar fanfare – used as theme music for television show • 5 -part rondo structure (A-B-A-C-A) – A section serves as a refrain • Regular phrasing, with a strong, even beat Listening Guide PDF The Enjoyment of Music 10 th, Shorter Edition

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The Enjoyment of Music 10 th Shorter Edition The Enjoyment of Music 10 th, Shorter Edition

27. Other Instrumental Forms • • Passacaglia Purcell: Come, ye sons of art away Chaconne French overture Italian overture The Enjoyment of Music 10 th, Shorter Edition

Keyboard forms Two basic types (1) Based on harmony with strong element of improvisation Bach: The Well-Tempered Clavier Prelude Chorale prelude Bach: Jesu, Joy of Man’s Desiring (2) Stricter forms based on counterpoint Bach: Fugue in D Fugue The Enjoyment of Music 10 th, Shorter Edition

The Fugue and Its Devices • Fuga • Contrapuntal, based on imitation • Subject unifies the work • Choral or instrumental • Melodic lines are referred to as voices The Enjoyment of Music 10 th, Shorter Edition

Episodes are interludes between subject statements • • Modulation to foreign keys Use of contrapuntal devices Use of stretto is common Piece ends in tonic key The Enjoyment of Music 10 th, Shorter Edition

Contrapuntal Devices Original: Inversion: Retrograde inversion: Augmentation: Diminution: The Enjoyment of Music 10 th, Shorter Edition

Form: Opening of Exposition Fugue Exposition (4 voice) Subject Countersubject I Countersubject 2 Contrapuntal line Answer Countersubject I Countersubject 2 Subject Countersubject 1 Answer The Enjoyment of Music 10 th, Shorter Edition

Form: Exposition and Episode Exposition Episode Subject Entry The Enjoyment of Music 10 th, Shorter Edition

Bach's Contrapunctus I, from The Art of Fugue (Listening Guide) Listening Guide PDF • • 4 -voice fugue Exposition: – Subject is presented in order: alto-soprano-basstenor • Episode: – Subject appears partially, in stretto • Incorporates musical symbolism – His name in notes Bb-A-C-H The Enjoyment of Music 10 th, Shorter Edition

Transition II: To the Age of Enlightenment • Rococo, in France • Empfindsamkeit, in Germany The Enjoyment of Music 10 th, Shorter Edition

The Rococo and the Age of Sensibility • • • Rococo French rocaille, a “shell” Reaction against Baroque style François Couperin (1668– 1733) Precursor to Age of Enlightenment Systematization of knowledge Jean-Philippe Rameau (1683– 1784), Treatise on Harmony (1722) The Enjoyment of Music 10 th, Shorter Edition

Age of Sensibility • In Germany: Empfindsamkeit • Sons of Bach: Wilhelm Friedmann Carl Philipp Emanuel Johann Christoph Johann Christian The Enjoyment of Music 10 th, Shorter Edition

Expanded forms • Pre-Classical period (c. 1725– 75) • Classical multimovement cycle The Enjoyment of Music 10 th, Shorter Edition

The Changing Opera • Satirization of Opera London: John Gay’s The Beggar’s Opera (1728) Paris: Giovanni Battista Pergolesi’s La serva padrona (1752) • War of the Buffoons The Enjoyment of Music 10 th, Shorter Edition John Gay

Gluck and Opera Reform • • • Christoph Willibald Gluck (1714– 1787) German-born, Italian-trained Changed conventions Words are master to the music “Simplicity, truth, naturalness” The Enjoyment of Music 10 th, Shorter Edition

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