The endocrine system The endocrin system The general

The endocrine system 内分泌系统

The endocrin system 内分泌系统 • The general description Composition endocrine glands 内分泌器官 (ductless glands 无管腺) have no ducts, their secretions (hormone 激素) release directly into circulation and trave to its target organs endocrine tissue 内分泌组织 The endocrine system is an important another regulating and intergrative system besides the nervous system.

endocrine glands 内分泌器官 The endocrine glands include : hypophysis垂体、 thyroid gland甲状腺、 parathyroid gland 甲状旁腺、 suprarenal gland 肾上腺、 pineal body 松果体、 thymus 胸腺 The endocrine tissues lie in the pancreas ( pancreatic islets胰岛)and the ovary and testis.

1、position： n 一、 hypophysis垂体 situated in the hypophyseal fossa of the body of the sphenoid bone; n connected to the hypothalamus by the infundibulum. 2、 division: it is divided into two parts: Adenohypophysis 腺垂体 neurohypophysis 神经垂体

Pars distalis 远侧部 Adenohypophysis 腺垂体 Neurohypophysis 神经垂体 Pars tuberalis 结节部 Pars intermedia 中间部 Anterior lobe Posterior lobe Pars nervous 神经部 Infundibular part 漏斗部 Median eminence 正中隆起 infundibulum

3、neighborhood Superior : Inferior ：sphenoid sinus diaphragma sellae 鞍隔、 optic chiasmatic cistern 交叉池 Lateral side: cavernous sinus and the strunctures passing through it

Connect with hypothalamus 与下丘脑的联系

Function of hypophysis Supraoptic nucleus (vasopressin 加压素) Paraventricular nucleus Paraventriculohypophyseal tract 室旁垂体束 (oxytocin 催产素) Supraopticohypophyseal trac 视上垂体束 生长激素 促甲状腺激素 促肾上腺激素 促性腺激素 posterior lobe of hypophysis

1、division : right and left lobes Isthmus峡部 : the median narrow part , pyramidal lobe 锥体叶： Sometimes present， extendes upwards from the isthmus. 二、thyroid gland 甲状腺

二、thyroid gland 甲状腺 2、position： • lies in the anterior neck region with one lobe on either side of lower larynx and upper part of the trachea. • The ishmus lies in front of the 2 -4 tracheal cartilages.

3、The coats of the thyroid glands 甲状腺的被膜 Inner layer: fibrous capsule 纤维囊（真被膜） External layer: thyroid sheath 甲状腺鞘（假被膜） Suspensory ligament of thyroid gland 甲状腺悬韧带 4、relation: from superficial to deep: Skin Superficial fascia superficial layer of cervical fascia 颈筋膜浅层 Infrahyoid muscles 舌骨下肌 pretracheal fascia 气管前筋膜

三、parathyroid glands 甲状旁腺 they are 4 small yellowish ovoid bodies. superior parathyroid glands: 上甲状旁腺： • lie at the junction of the middle and upper 1/3 of the posterior border of the thyroid gland ； between the two capsules. inferior parathyroid glands 下甲状旁腺： lie in the lower end of thyroid glands and close to the inferior thyroid artery

三、parathyroid glands 甲状旁腺 Function: they regulate the metablism of the calcium钙 and phosphate磷 which are needed by all cells.

四、suprarenal galnd 肾上腺 Position and shape: Position: lie on the medial part of the upper end of each kidney ； enclosed by the renal fascia. ； Shape: the right is crescent- like shape the left one is triangular. Division: • the suprarenal gland may be divided into two parts:

四、suprarenal galnd 肾上腺 ncortex 肾上腺皮质: secrets numbers of steroid hormones 类固醇激素， maintain the electrolytic balance and carbohydrorate metabolism. nmedulla 肾上腺髓质： epinephrine 肾上腺素 norepinephrine 去甲肾 上腺素

五、 The pineal body 松果体 lies on the supero-posterior to the dorsal thalamus； connect to the posterior of the roof of third ventricle. 松果体可分泌褪黑 素melatonin等多种 活性物质----调节生 殖系统的发育和月 经周期。

六、thymus 胸腺 position: the thymus lies in the anterior part of the superior madiastinum, anterosuperior to the pericardium.

六、thymus 胸腺 function: the thymus is an important organ of the immune system and secrete a hormone, the lymphopoietin(胸腺素和促胸腺 生成素)，that stimulates the develoment of lymphocytes.

七、 pancreatic islets 胰岛 lie within the pancreas and is called islets of Langerhans , they secrete insulin（胰岛素） regulate the blood sugar level. 八、 ovary The ovarian follicle 卵泡 and the corpus luteum 黄体are the endocrine tissue of the ovary. hormons: estrogen 雌激素 progesterone 孕酮

九、testis the interstitial tissue of the testis produce the testosterone 睾酮 : responsible for the development of the male secondary sexual characteristics.