The Endocrine system Glands and hormones Hormones chemical

The Endocrine system Glands and hormones

• Hormones- chemical messengers carried by blood– May stimulate other glands – Regulate growth, development, metabolism, sex processes

• Hormones need a specific receptor on a specific cell to do their job

Prostaglandins • Get their name from the prostate where they were first discovered • A hormone like substance produced by most cells • Known as a local hormone • Causes smooth muscles to contract • Can cause sensation of pain in headaches

• • Major Glands of the Endocrine system Pituitary Thyroid Parathyroid Adrenal. Pancreas Ovaries Testes

Pituitary gland • Master gland of body • Located in the depression of sphenoid bone • Produces many hormones that affect other glands – thyroid stimulating hormone – Somatotropin- growth hormone – Lutenizing (LH)- causes ovulation – ICSH- causes testes to secrete testosterone – Melanocyte stimulating- distribution of melanin in skin(coloring) – ADH- antidiuretic hormone

• Giantismoversecretion of somatotropin before puberty • Dwarfismundersecretion of somatotropin. Cause: tumor, injury, infection, genetics • Diabetes insipidusdecreased ADH

• Thyroid- produces hormones that control metabolism and calcium in blood. • Thyroid gland must have any source of iodine – goiter- not enough iodine – hyperthyroidism – hypothyroidism

• Adrenal glands • Located just above the kidney • Secretes many hormones • Epinephrine • Norepinephrine • Many steroid hormones, inc estrogen androgens.

• Pancreas • pancreatic juices into the intestine • secretes insulin, a hormone that transports glucose into cells. • Also secretes glucagon- increases glucose in bloodstream

• Diabetes Mellitus • Cause- decreased secretion of insulin • Symptoms – Excessive thirst, excessive urination, hyperglycemia, slow healing of skin infections – Affects 21 million in US: 7% of population – Estimated 1/3 of people who have diabetes don’t know it – 225, 000 die each year – 132 billion/year- 10% of our health care spending

• Insulin was the first hormone identified (late 1920's) which won the doctor and medical student who discovered it the Nobel Prize (Banting and Best) • 1982 - Human Insulin - First ever approved genetically engineered human therapeutic by Genentech

Ovary • Produce Estrogen: required for the development of female secondary sex characteristics and for the development of eggs • Produce Progesterone: prepares the uterus for the arrival of a developing embryo

Testes Produce Testosterone: responsible for sperm production and the development of male secondary sex characteristics