The Eight Parts of Speech Noun Verb Adjective
The Eight Parts of Speech Noun, Verb, Adjective, Adverb, Pronoun, Preposition, Conjunction, Interjection
Noun g o D A person, place, thing, or idea. c ap ital ism i h C e pp a w s l l Fa
Nouns • Paper, pen, book, marker, floor, wall, door, flag, whiteboard, desk, chair, student, teacher, boy, girl, backpack, cellphone, poster, computer, box, timer, clock, shelf, cabinet, window, speakers, stapler, remote, light, bottle, dictionary, conversation, discussion, joke, argument, intelligence, stupidity, patience, effort, head, hands, shoes, shirt, idea, inspiration, thought…
Nouns can be proper, common, concrete, abstract, count, and noncount. • Proper: Mr. Diller, Dr. Zhivago, Bob, Colonel Sanders, Daffy Duck. (names) • Common: chair, tree, table, dog, idiot. (there are many of the category. ) • Concrete: a physical person, place or thing. • Abstract: An idea (freedom, attractiveness) • Count: things that are counted. (Pencils, cats) • Noncount: things that are not counted. (Rain, snow, sand, wind)
Pick the Nouns It was a pleasure to burn. It was a special pleasure to see things eaten, to see books blackened and changed. With the brass nozzle in his fists, with this great python spitting its venomous kerosene unto the world, the blood pounded in his head, and his hands were the extremities of some amazing conductor playing all the symphonies of blazing and burning.
Pick the Nouns It was a pleasure to burn. It was a special pleasure to see things eaten, to see books blackened and changed. With the brass nozzle in his fists, with this great python spitting its venomous kerosene unto the world, the blood pounded in his head, and his hands were the extremities of some amazing conductor playing all the symphonies of blazing and burning.
Verb “It’s what you do” An Action or State Sh e N an IS of Being A n R oy in g. e H he t to re. o t s
Verbs • Sitting, running, talking, arguing, chatting, working, reading, writing, breathing, drinking, debating, cooperating, yawning, dozing, disrupting, flirting, ignoring, annoying, walking, eating, sneezing, scratching, thinking, interacting, listening, leaving, smiling, gesturing, eyerolling, lecturing, challenging, drawing, cheating, tipping, snoring, stretching, staring, frowning, spilling, dancing…
Verbs can be transitive, intransitive, and linking. Transitive: Action directly acts upon an object. (He threw the cat. ) Intransitive: Action does not directly act upon an object. (Tempers flared. ) Linking: Links the subject to the subject complement. (He is an idiot. ) Verbs can also be active or passive voice. • The baseball hit the runner. -vs- The runner was hit by the baseball.
Pick the Verbs He flicked the igniter and the house jumped up in a gorging fire that burned the evening sky red and yellow and black. He strode in a swarm of fireflies. He wanted above all, like the old joke, to shove a marshmallow on a stick in the furnace, while the flapping pigeonwinged books died on the porch and the lawn of the house. The books went up in sparks and blew away on a dark wind.
Pick the Verbs He flicked the igniter and the house jumped up in a gorging fire that burned the evening sky red and yellow and black. He strode in a swarm of fireflies. He wanted above all, like the old joke, to shove a marshmallow on a stick in the furnace, while the flapping pigeonwinged books died on the porch and the lawn of the house. The books went up in sparks and blew away on a dark wind.
Adjective Describes a noun. e h T T FA lrus a w The LITTLE kid The PR ET tree TY
Adjectives • Bald, blond, bearded, short, distinguished, intelligent, attractive, verbose, lively, humorous, irritating, demanding, loud, challenging, skillful, sarcastic, amusing, restless, awake, interactive, hungry, thirsty, patient, talented, athletic, talkative, attentive, quiet, thoughtful, welldressed, seated, standing, active, pensive, cheerful, blue-eyed, overworked, punctual, busy, talented, interactive, somber, serious, wise, musical, eloquent, accurate, discreet, discerning, judgmental, sneaky, predatory, malevolent, …
Adjectives • Adjectives are binary; they always work with a noun. If a sentence has an adjective, it must have a noun. (The big fat blue…. ) • Adjectives can be proper; Roman, Greek, etc. • Adjectives can be comparative, with three degrees: (hot, hotter, hottest, good, better, best, bad, worse worst, etc. ) • Articles are adjectives: (a, an, the, any, etc)
Find the Adjectives The men with the long cigarettes in their straight -lined mouths, the men with the snakelike eyes, took up their load of machine and tube, their case of liquid melancholy and the slow dark sludge of broken dreams and strolled nonchalantly out the front door. Montag sank wearily into a straight-backed chair and looked at the peaceful woman. The blackness of the dark room closed around him. “Mildred, ” he whispered.
Find the Adjectives The men with the long cigarettes in their straight -lined mouths, the men with the snakelike eyes, took up their load of machine and tube, their case of liquid melancholy and the slow dark sludge of broken dreams and strolled nonchalantly out the front door. Montag sank wearily into a straight-backed chair and looked at the peaceful woman. The blackness of the dark room closed around him. “Mildred, ” he whispered.
Adverb Describes a verb. T e h L h e tr S ICK The kid f e e l U l h Q te t whined HE a AV Y k ANNOYING I a L e Y st
Adverbs • Quickly, slowly, neatly, sloppily, tiredly, loudly, quietly, attentively, distractedly, disruptively, lazily, sleepily, intensely, cheerfully, grumpily, reluctantly, happily, sadly, cooperatively, irritably, wisely, sarcastically, gloomily, ….
Find the Adverbs A great gout of fire leaped hungrily out of the nozzle to lap greedily at the books on the shelves and knock them to the floor. He stepped swiftly into the bedroom and fired twice, and the twin beds erupted with more heat and passion than he ever imagined them to contain. He fired savagely at Millie’s makeup table, and grinned humorlessly, satisfied that he had done his job well.
Find the Adverbs A great gout of fire leaped hungrily out of the nozzle to lap greedily at the books on the shelves and knock them to the floor. He stepped swiftly into the bedroom and fired twice, and the twin beds erupted with more heat and passion than he ever imagined them to contain. He fired savagely at Millie’s makeup table, and grinned humorlessly, satisfied that he had done his job well.
Pronoun Takes the place of a noun. I, Me, You, He, She, It, We, They, Us, , o h W m Them o h w My , Its, You r H He is, , r Ou , The r ir,
ction? n u f r u o y ’s t a h n Junction, w “Conjunction Joins sentences and phrases. And, Or, But, Although, Since, Because
Conjunctions Three kinds: • Coordinating- they connect: And, but, or, nor, for, yet, so • Subordinating- they make one thing dependent on another: If, as, since, when, because • Correlative- they describe a relationship between each: Either or, neither nor, not only but also
Preposition Tellsoss. WHERE. , r c a , e v o b a , , t g u n o o b m A a , t s n i a g a , e r after, o f e b , t a , d n y u b o , e ar d i s e b , n e e w t be , n w o d , . d n … o , r y o f be , t p e c x e , during IN the UN box D box ER th , , the BESI e D b E o AB x OV , box E th , et e c.
Where (heh-heh) are the Prepositions? When the firetruck stopped at the house, Beatty jumped out of the truck and gave the nozzle to Montag. Standing beside Montag, he reminded him that the Hound was somewhere behind the scene. Montag stepped into the house and sprayed the flaming kerosene around the parlor. Wandering dazedly about the house, he saw the flames leap across the rooms and over the furniture. Embers flew everywhere as the roof fell down with a shower of sparks.
Where (heh-heh) are the Prepositions? When the firetruck stopped at the house, Beatty jumped out of the truck and gave the nozzle to Montag. Standing beside Montag, he reminded him that the Hound was still behind the scene. Montag stepped into the house and sprayed the flaming kerosene around the parlor. Wandering dazedly about the house, he saw the flames leap across the rooms and over the furniture. Embers flew everywhere as the roof fell down with a swirling sparks.
Interjection Adds emphasis to the words. Wow! Moly! ! y e H ! s e k i Y Holy
The Sentence A sentence meets three requirements 1. It has a subject 2. It has a verb 3. It is a complete thought
The Sentence ght Verb Thou Subj ect plete Com Like a 3 -legged barstool, it needs all three, or it falls down.
The Sentence A sentence has a Subject and a Predicate 1. 2. Subject- who or what the sentence is about: “Mr. Morton” Predicate- what the subject does: “Mr. Morton wrote a letter. ”
Sentence or Fragment? • • • The two guys from the motor pool. They ran to the next house. With all their equipment, and their tools. When they got home, they worked hard. No. Tomorrow at the KWHS basketball game. If he goes to the movies, and she goes along. I see. Go away!
Subject/Verb Agreement • The subject and the verb have to be compatible • If the subject is singular, the verb must also be singular • “The hamburger is overcooked. ”, not “The hamburger are overcooked. ” • If the subject is plural, the verb must also be plural. • “The tickets were cheap”, not “The tickets was cheap. ”
Subject/Verb Agreement • Beware of difficult subjects – Either = 1 – Neither = 0 • COUNT the number of subjects • Do not be confused by appositives (definitions inside sentences) • Do not be confused by modifiers. (The dog, like the cats, has fleas. )
Subject/Verb Agreement The Chevy and the Ford was/were broken down. Neither the Chevy nor the Ford is/are working. Ham and eggs is/are a popular breakfast. The author, as well as the actors, deserve/deserves a lot of credit. • Either Joe or Bob is/are going to the game. • Both Jim and Lenny has/have great speed. • Each of the clocks has/have been reset. • •
Pronoun Agreement • Formally known as “Pronoun/antecedent agreement” • The ‘Antecedent’ is ‘what comes before’. • These are ALWAYS getting messed up, mostly because of laziness! • For example, one person is ‘him’ or ‘her’, NEVER ‘they’ or ‘them’.
Pronoun Agreement • • Someone dropped his or her/their hat. All of the gym mats have rips in its/their covers. The cake or the bread will lose its/their taste. The rest of the team has its/their orders to work. Each of the guys is in charge of his/their section. Neither of them has remembered his/their books. Both of them brought his/their guitars.
Objects • If the verb is transitive, (remember those? ) then the sentence has a subject AND an object, and the action verb applies to the object. • Intransitive – The girl screamed. • Subject– girl. Verb- screamed. Object- none • Transitive – The boy threw the cat. • Subject – boy. Verb – threw. Object – cat.
Direct –vs- Indirect Objects • The action verb applies directly to the direct object. • The action verb applies indirectly to the indirect object. • The indirect object is nearly always found between the verb and the direct object. • The cheerleader gave the quarterback a black eye. • Subject – cheerleader. Verb – gave. • Direct object – eye. Indirect object - quarterback
Direct –vs- Indirect Objects • • • I threw up. I threw my dog a bone. The girl groaned in a disgusted manner. The girl threw her cafeteria tray. The girl threw her food into the trash. The lunch lady gave the girl an evil stare. The principal gave the girl detention. The girl’s mother gave the principal a cease-anddesist writ.
Subject Complements, aka Predicate nominative or predicate adjective • A subject complement (not a compliment) modifies or defines the subject. • It can be a noun or an adjective. • It is connected (linked) to the subject with a linking verb. (Am, are, is, was, were, being, been. ) • The girl is fat. • The boys are totally stupid. • The teacher was being a jerk today. • School has been a nightmare this week. (These sentences prove that a complement is not necessarily a compliment. )
Subject Complements • A predicate nominative is a subject complement that is a noun or pronoun. (‘Nom’ = name) • Mr. Sack is a cop • A predicate adjective is a subject complement that is an adjective. • Mr. Johnson is tall.
Phrases Phrase: Any portion of a sentence that is made up of related parts. It does not necessarily have a subject and predicate. Prepositional phrase: a phrase beginning with a preposition, used as a modifier • • • At the game, the coach had a heart attack. We waited impatiently for the ambulance. The paramedics took him to the hospital. We waited for hours. It was the longest day of the year.
Verbals Verbs that are now being used as nouns, adjectives, or adverbs. It was once a verb, but now it had a career change. • Gerunds • Infinitives • Participles
Gerunds A verb that is being used as a noun, in its ‘-ing’ form • • • Going to school is a pain. Running is not my favorite sport. Eating rocks is stupid. Snoring in class can be disruptive. Punching the teacher is dangerous.
Infinitives A verb that functions as a noun or adjective, in its ‘to’ form. • • • To pass this class, pay attention. To be, or not to be; that is the question. I like to ride my bike. If you want to make the team, you must practice. It is impossible to lick your own elbow.
Participles A verb that functions as an adjective. • • • The falling rock hit my head. The raging river swept the school away. The rushing water destroyed the campus. The flying debris shattered the windows. I ran from the roaring lion.
Name the verbal • • • The screaming cougar got on my nerves. Shooting the cougar was not allowed. To shut her up, I gave her a raw steak. Feeding the cougar was the only option. I managed to get away from the cougar. I got into an argument with the nagging clerk. Running to the car was impossible. To pass the grammar test, study the worksheet. The bossing cop was ignored by us. Are you looking forward to snow?
Sentence Types A sentence is made up of one or more clauses. • There are four types of sentences. • 1 - Simple – A complete sentence with one clause. • “She fell down” • 2 - Compound – A complete sentence with at least two independent clauses. • “She fell down, and she dropped her pizza. ”
Sentence Types • 3 - Complex – A sentence with two or more clauses, but one of them is dependent, or subordinate. • “When she slipped on the ice, she dropped her pizza. ” • 4 - Compound-complex – A sentence with two independent clauses, and one dependent clause. • “When she slipped on the ice, she fell down and she dropped her pizza. ”
Sentence Types Think of it like this: • A Simple sentence is like a truck on the highway. It can travel independently. (1 Independent clause) • A Compound sentence is two trucks (two independent clauses) connected together. • A Complex sentence is like a truck and trailer. The trailer is dependent (dependent clause)on the truck; it can’t go anywhere by itself. It needs the truck (independent clause) to power it. • A Compound-complex sentence is a train with multiple engines.
What type of sentence? My grandmother liked to eat pigs’ feet. She roasted them and she ate them for dinner. If Mom makes her tacos, I’m not eating at home. President Garfield was shot, and he died days later. General Patton was a war hero. The Tenth Cavalry, the Buffalo Soldiers, were heroes in the Spanish-American War. • They helped win the war, and they gained Black Jack Pershing’s respect. • • •
Sentence Purpose All sentences serve one of four purposes. • Declarative – this sentence gives information. • The boys won the game • Interrogative – this sentence asks a question. • Did the boys win the game? • Exclamatory – this sentence is a declarative sentence with emphasis. • Hey, the boys won the game! • Imperative – this sentence gives a command. • Win the game, boys!
The Clause (not that one…) • A clause is an idea. It may be a complete sentence (a simple sentence) or it may be a part of a sentence (compound or complex sentence. ) • “She slipped on the ice. ” is a clause. • “She slipped on the ice and she dropped her pizza” is two clauses. • “When she saw her boyfriend, she slipped on the ice and she dropped her pizza” is three clauses.
The Clause (not that one…) “When she saw her boyfriend, she slipped on the ice, and she dropped her pizza” • “When she saw her boyfriend” – dependent clause. (It can’t stand by itself. ) • “She slipped on the ice, ” – independent clause. • “she dropped her pizza” – independent clause.
How many Clauses, and What Type? • During Christmas break, I travelled to Colorado and New Mexico. • My brother-in-law knows football, because he once played in the NFL. • We talk politics, and he has some good ideas. • While he is a Trump supporter, his wife is not, and they agree not to argue about it. • More people should act like that.
- Slides: 55
