The Effects of Eutrophication and Salinization on Methane
- Slides: 25
The Effects of Eutrophication and Salinization on Methane Production in Urban and Rural Lakes Rebecca Kiekhaefer Dr. Carla Koretsky, Thesis Chair Dr. Alan Kehew Denisha Griffey Davina Wyman
Introduction ¡ Eutrophication http: //bhargavikorlipara. edublogs. org/files/2012/05/eutrophication-19 y 5997. jpg
Introduction ¡ Redox Stratification http: //ucce. ucdavis. edu/files/repository/calag/fig 5702 p 56 athumb. jpg
Introduction ¡ ¡ Methane: Greenhouse gas Methanogenesis l l Anaerobic bacteria break down organic matter
Introduction http: //www. dnr. state. wi. us/org/water/fhp/lakes/under/mixing. htm
Introduction ¡ Salinization l Road Salt ¡ l l l ~ 95% Na. Cl 23 million tons used nationwide (2005). Acute chloride toxicity Water density changes, affects mixing http: //i 00. i. aliimg. com/photo/v 0/109074356/Road_Salt_De_Icing_Ice_Melter_extra. jpg
Purpose ¡ ¡ Determine the effects of lake salinization on methane production. Determine the effects of eutrophication on methane production.
Hypothesis ¡ High salinization will lead to redox stratification, which will cause increased methane production.
Field Site: Asylum Lake ¡ ¡ Located in an urban setting in Kalamazoo, MI. Groundwater fed kettle lake in outwash sediments and sandy soil. Area: 0. 2 km 2 Depth: 14 m
Field Site: Wintergreen Lake ¡ ¡ Located in a rural setting, part of the Kellogg Biological Station in Augusta, MI. Groundwater fed kettle lake in outwash sediments and sandy soil. Area: 0. 16 km 2 Depth: 5 m
Methods: in situ ¡ Sample Dates l l l ¡ 17 November 2012 Wintergreen Lake 18 November 2012 Asylum Lake 8 December 2012 Asylum Lake YSI Multiprobe Sonde l l l Temperature DO p. H Conductivity 0. 5 meter intervals
Methods: in situ ¡ Water Sample Collection l l l 4 samples at 1 meter intervals Filtered using 0. 2 μm filter 2 samples were preserved with concentrated nitric acid
Methods: Methane Samples ¡ Pre-Sample Preparation: l l New 60 m. L serum vials were rinsed. New rubber stoppers were boiled in 1 M Na. OH solution. 1 Na. OH pellet was placed in each vial. Brine blanks were created in the lab using super saturated Na. Cl and water bubbled with helium.
Methods: Methane Samples ¡ in situ: l l Sample water drawn in 140 m. L plastic syringe. Injected into vial from bottom up using rubber tubing. Sample capped with minimal air bubbles. DI field blanks were collected.
Methods: Methane Samples ¡ Post-Sample Preparation: l l Samples were purged with helium while inverted. 15 m. L of helium was injected into each. 15 m. L of water was expelled into an empty syringe. Samples were stored upside down.
Methods: ex situ ¡ UV-Vis Analysis: l ¡ Ion Chromatograph Analysis: l ¡ Alkalinity Chloride Gas Chromatograph Analysis: l Methane GC IC
Results
Results Koretsky et al. , 2011
Results
Results
Results Sample Bubble Size Methane Concentration (µM) W 3 A 1 1. 66 1 none W 3 B 2 1. 68 2 o A 4 A Nov 2 1. 55 3 o A 4 B Nov 2 1. 59 4 O A 6 A Nov 5 1. 72 5 O A 6 B Nov 2 1. 74 A 13 A Nov 4 131. 66 A 13 B Nov 2 208. 98 Bubble Size
Discussion ¡ Estimations indicate 40% of methane produced in lakes such as Wintergreen Lake and Asylum Lake is released into the atmosphere. ¡ Asylum Lake: l l 1 m containing high methane concentrations surface area of 0. 2 km 100 µM of methane 120 kg of methane per year ¡ Methane is released via ebullution (bubbles). ¡ Much more methane might be released from these lakes. Strayer & Tiedje, 1978
Conclusions ¡ Higher salinity and higher methane concentrations in Asylum Lake. l Could be the result of other factors ¡ Asylum Lake appears to mix some between November and December. ¡ Bubbles in methane samples do not appear to cause any difference in measured methane concentration.
Conclusions ¡ ¡ There is not nearly enough data in this study to draw significant conclusions about the lakes. Future analysis of these lakes will indicate more. l More samples over a full year to show trends in both salinity and methane production
Acknowledgements ¡ Thanks and consideration are extended to these people and organizations for their help with this project: l l l l Dr. Carla Koretsky Dr. Alan Kehew Denisha Griffey Allie Wyman Ryan Sibert UGA Marine Sciences Western Michigan University ¡ ¡ Department of Geosciences Lee Honors College BBC Sherlock
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