The Effect of Corn Silage Harvest Hybrid and
The Effect of Corn Silage Harvest, Hybrid, and Inclusion Level on Performance in Growing and Finishing Beef Cattle F. H. Hilscher*, A. K. Watson, J. C. Mac. Donald, T. J. Klopfenstein, and G. E. Erickson Know how. Know now.
Outline • Introduction • Delayed corn silage harvest • Finishing • Growing • RUP supplementation in growing diets • Brown midrib corn silage • Finishing • Growing • Conclusion Know how. Know now.
Introduction • Burken et al. , 2017 TAS • Corn silage takes advantage of the entire corn plant • Maximize quality and tonnage to secure roughage/grain inventory • USDA, 2016 • Nebraska produced 4. 7 million tons of corn silage on 240, 000 acres. (2. 44% of corn farm ground) • Nebraska produced 1. 7 billion bu of corn grain on 9. 5 million acres. (178 bu/acre) Know how. Know now.
Nebraska is #1 in cattle on feed, #3 in corn grain production, #10 in silage production Know how. Know now.
Why corn silage? • Relative to corn and dry stover: • • Retain solubles in the plant Get high-moisture corn Guarantee inventory Fits in integrated cattle-crop operations Historically silage was better at high-grain prices Uses the residue from drought damaged corn Interest in how it works today with distillers grains Know how. Know now.
Previous work • Burken et al. , 2017 and Row et al. , 2016 • Harvested corn plots over multiple years • Showed grain yield and whole plant DM yield increased over time to black layer formation • Little negative effects on nutritive quality (measured in lab) • Delaying corn silage could be advantageous to increasing grain harvested and hauling more DM out of the field Know how. Know now.
Corn Silage Plot Research Item Grain Yield DM Yield Grain, % Residue TDN Corn Plant TDN 1 11. 00 b 51. 36 c 49. 97 b 70. 59 c Harvest 2 12. 18 a 52. 40 b 51. 05 a 71. 46 b 3 195. 0 10. 25 c 62. 23 a 42. 55 c 72. 08 a P-value F-test Lin. <0. 01 <0. 01 15. 2% less TDN Harvested Know how. Know now.
Bal et al. , 1997 • Harvested Corn silage • • Early dent (30. 1% DM) 1/4 milk line (32. 4% DM) 2/3 milk line (35. 1% DM) Black layer (42% DM) • Decreased NDF and ADF due to increased grain (starch) content • Decreased OM, ADF, and starch total tract digestibility by delaying corn silage harvest • No differences in DMI, BW, and milk production lb/d between 35 and 42% DM silage • Fed at 33. 5% of diet DM Know how. Know now.
Previous work • Expansion of ethanol industry provides increase in ethanol co-products available to cattle feeders • Abundance of ethanol co products in Nebraska • Inclusion of distillers grains with elevated levels of corn silage can be an economical alternative when corn is expensive (Burken et al. , 2017) Treatment 20 % Distillers Item P-value 40% Distillers 15% CS 45% CS F-Test DMI, lb/d 29. 5 28. 6 29. 7 0. 48 ADG, lb 3. 94 3. 44 3. 63 3. 61 0. 09 F: G 7. 46 a 8. 55 c 7. 87 ab 8. 20 bc 0. 01 Know how. Know now.
Material and Methods - Corn Harvest • Low DM silage was harvested to mimic traditional corn silage harvest at 3/4 milkline at approximately 37% DM (9/4/14) • High DM silage was harvested 2 wks later after black layer formation at approximately 43% DM (9/16/14) Know how. Know now.
Silage Yield Black layer 9/16/14 ¾ Milk line 9/4/14 P < 0. 01 Know how. Know now.
Materials and Methods - Feeding Trial • Eastern Nebraska Agricultural Research and Extension Center (ENREC), near Mead, NE • 180 crossbred yearling steer (943 ± 86 lb) • 20 pens, 5 pens/treatment, 9 steers/pen • Steers were implanted with Revlor-200 on d 1 and fed for an average of 109 d • Marbling score, 12 th rib fat thickness, and LM area were recorded after 48 h chill Know how. Know now.
Materials and Methods • 2 x 2 factorial design • Factors were harvested corn silage DM (37 or 43%) and silage inclusion in the diet (15 or 45%) • All diets contained 40% modified distillers grains with solubles • 4 dietary treatments • • 37% DM and 15% CS inclusion 37% DM and 45% CS inclusion 43% DM and 15% CS inclusion 43% DM and 45% CS inclusion Know how. Know now.
Impact of silage DM Silage DM 37 43 Corn Silage Inclusion 15 15 45 45 Int Silage DM Inclusion Final BW, lb 1368 1379 1339 1340 0. 69 0. 49 0. 04 DMI 28. 8 29. 2 29. 4 29. 9 0. 77 0. 19 0. 17 0. 75 0. 55 0. 04 Item ADG 4. 05 4. 11 3. 77 3. 75 F: G 7. 10 7. 11 7. 79 7. 97 0. 76 0. 94 <0. 01 HCW, lb 862 869 844 0. 69 0. 49 0. 04 Dressing % 61. 1 60. 8 60. 2 59. 8 0. 93 0. 62 0. 06 12 th rib fat, in 0. 55 0. 49 0. 50 0. 51 0. 65 0. 28 Marbling 516 498 491 493 0. 49 0. 70 0. 31 All diets have 40% MDGS; either 41 or 11% high-moisture corn Know how. Know now.
Live feedlot performance The effects of delayed silage harvest and increased inclusion levels of silage on performance in cross bred yearling steers Treatments 1 15% Inclusion 45% Inclusion SEM P-Value Initial BW, lb 940 0. 87 Final BW, lb 1419 1406 15. 6 0. 54 DMI, lb/d 28. 5 29. 2 0. 6 0. 19 ADG, lb 4. 50 4. 37 0. 14 0. 52 F: G 6. 35 7. 76 - 0. 11 HCW, lb 865 844 7. 1 0. 04 Dressing percent 61. 0 60. 0 0. 4 0. 05 Item 1. Treatments: 15% silage 37 % DM = 15% inclusion of 37% DM silage, 15% silage 43% DM = 15 % inclusion of 43 % DM silage, 45% silage 37% DM = 45 % inclusion of 37% DM silage, 45% silage 43% DM = 45 % inclusion of 43% DM silage; all diets contained 40% MDGS Know how. Know now.
Carcass adjusted feedlot performance The effects of delayed silage harvest and increased inclusion levels of silage on performance in cross bred yearling steers Treatments 1 15% Inclusion 45% Inclusion SEM P-Value Initial BW, lb 940 0. 87 Final BW 2, lb 1373 1339 11. 2 0. 04 DMI, lb/d 28. 5 29. 2 0. 6 0. 19 ADG, lb 4. 08 3. 76 0. 10 0. 04 F: G 7. 00 7. 76 - <0. 01 HCW, lb 865 844 7. 1 0. 04 Dressing percent 61. 0 60. 0 0. 4 0. 05 Item 1. Treatments: 15% silage 37 % DM = 15% inclusion of 37% DM silage, 15% silage 43% DM = 15 % inclusion of 43 % DM silage, 45% silage 37% DM = 45 % inclusion of 37% DM silage, 45% silage 43% DM = 45 % inclusion of 43% DM silage; all diets contained 40% MDGS 2. Final BW, were calculated based on HCW / common dressing percent of 63% Know how. Know now.
Corn silage DM performance The effects of delayed silage harvest and increased inclusion levels of silage on performance in cross bred yearling steers. Treatments 1 37% DM 43% DM SEM P-Value Initial BW, lb 938 942 0. 8 <0. 01 Final BW 2, lb 1353 1360 11. 2 0. 68 DMI, lb/d 29. 1 29. 5 0. 4 0. 36 ADG, lb 3. 91 3. 93 0. 10 0. 90 F: G 7. 43 7. 52 - 0. 64 HCW, lb 853 857 7. 1 0. 68 Dressing % 60. 7 60. 3 0. 44 Item 1. Treatments: 15% silage 37 % DM = 15% inclusion of 37% DM silage, 15% silage 43% DM = 15 % inclusion of 43 % DM silage, 45% silage 37% DM = 45 % inclusion of 37% DM silage, 45% silage 43% DM = 45 % inclusion of 43% DM silage; all diets contained 40% MDGS 2. Final BW, were calculated based on HCW / common dressing percent of 63% Know how. Know now.
Summary • Increasing the level of corn silage from 15 to 45% inclusion reduces feedlot performance • Lower ADG and HCW • Greater F: G • Similar to Burken et al. , 2017 • No differences in performance between corn silage harvested at different DM • Similar ADG, F: G, and HCW • Packing and storage of high DM corn silage could be a concern with traditional bunker storage. However, that was not tested in this study. Know how. Know now.
Material and Methods • Eastern Nebraska Agricultural Research and Extension Center (ENREC), near Mead, NE • 60 cross bred steers (597 ± 70 lbs) • Individually fed using Calan gate system • Steers were implanted with Ralgro on d 1 and fed for 78 d Know how. Know now.
Elevated levels of corn silage in growing diets • 2 x 5 factorial design • Harvested corn silage DM • Consisted of either 37% or 43% DM corn silage • 88% of the diet DM • Supplemental RUP inclusion • 0. 5, 1. 4, 2. 4, 3. 3, or 4. 2% of diet DM • Supplement was top dressed in a blend of 0/100, 25/75, 50/50, 75/25, or 100/0 combination of a RDP and RUP supplement Know how. Know now.
Effects of delayed silage harvest on growing steer performance Treatments Item 37% DM 43% DM SEM P-value Ending BW, lb 846 826 6. 7 0. 04 DMI, lb/d 18. 0 17. 9 0. 3 0. 93 ADG, lb 3. 19 2. 93 0. 07 0. 01 Feed: Gain 5. 63 6. 11 - <0. 01 Corn silage inclusion = 88% of diet DM Know how. Know now.
Corn silage and protein supplementation • Corn silage • Contains 6. 5 to 8. 5% CP in the form of rumen degradable protein (RDP) • Previous estimates of rumen undegradable protein (RUP) are too high • • 25% RUP (% of CP) (NASEM, 2016) Indigestible forage protein could be considered RUP Fermented grain is highly degradable in the rumen Oney et al. (2017) - 7 -8% CP, 10% RUP (% of CP) • Inadequate supplemental RUP could be lacking to meet metabolizable protein requirements • Castillo-Lopez et al. (2016) - DGS 30% CP, 63% RUP (% of CP) Know how. Know now.
Hilscher et al. , 2016 The effects of increased inclusion of RUP in silage based growing diets on performance of cross bred steers. Treatments RUP from supp, % of DM 0. 5 1. 4 2. 4 3. 3 4. 2 SEM Lin. Quad. Ending BW, lb 791 824 855 842 868 4. 1 <0. 01 0. 88 DMI, lb/d 16. 9 18. 3 18. 9 17. 4 18. 4 0. 2 0. 05 0. 84 ADG, lb 2. 51 2. 91 3. 31 3. 15 3. 43 0. 04 <0. 01 0. 82 F: G 6. 74 6. 26 5. 71 5. 52 5. 35 0. 002 <0. 01 0. 57 25 % Decrease in F: G from 0. 5 to 4. 2% RUP Soy. Pass (50% CP; 75% RUP as % of CP) Empyreal (75% CP; 65% RUP as % of CP) Know how. Know now.
Oney et al. , 2017 RUP sources, % of diet DM P-value RUP from supp, % of DM 0. 4 1. 7 3. 0 4. 2 5. 5 SEM Lin Quad End BW, lb 800 825 821 850 834 16. 6 0. 01 0. 68 DMI, lb/d 16. 3 17. 5 17. 1 0. 59 0. 34 0. 19 ADG, lb 2. 32 2. 61 2. 58 2. 88 2. 74 0. 12 <0. 01 0. 55 F: G 7. 02 6. 70 6. 69 6. 09 6. 25 - <0. 01 0. 61 18. 5 % decrease in F: G from 0. 4 to 5. 5% RUP Soy. Pass (50% CP; 75% RUP as % of CP) Empyreal (75% CP; 65% RUP as % of CP) Know how. Know now.
Combined trials 4 3. 5 3 ADG. kg 2. 5 2 1. 5 27. 3% DGS 15. 6% DGS 1 0. 5 0 0 1 2 3 4 RUP Sources, % of diet DM 5 Know how. Know now. 6
Summary • At >4. 2% RUP supplementation we are meeting MP requirements. However, due to linear response even greater RUP inclusions may improve ADG and G: F further. • The need for RUP in silage growing diets is higher than previously thought. Know how. Know now.
Brown Midrib Corn Silage • First observed in dent corn in 1924 • Four mutant genes identified • BM 1, BM 2, BM 3, BM 4 • Reddish brown pigment in leaf midrib (Lauer and Coors, 1997) • Reduced lignin content translates into improved fiber digestion in ruminants (Ramirez et al. , 2012) • Greater DM, OM, NDF, and ADF digestibility for BM 3 fed cattle vs controls (Tjardes et al. , 2000) Know how. Know now.
Previous Research • Keith et al. , 1981 • BM 3 trait vs non BM 3 corn silage in finishing diet • Varying levels of corn silage in the finishing diet No added Corn silage % inclusion 88. 3 87. 4 Hybrid BM 3 Gain for 154 d, lb 353 b ADG, lb/d F: G 2. 27 b 6. 78 a Added Corn 1% of BW 59. 8 27. 3 27. 1 Normal BM 3 Normal 306 c 350 b 410 a 397 a 1. 98 c 7. 24 a 59. 7 Added Corn 2% BW 381 a 2. 47 a 6. 50 a 2. 27 b 2. 67 a 2. 58 a 7. 08 a 6. 25 a 6. 36 a a, b, c, d differ (P < 0. 10) adapted from Keith et al. , 1981 Know how. Know now.
Materials and Methods - Feeding Trial • 360 crossbred steer calves (736 ± 54 lb) • 36 pens, 6 pens/treatment, 10 steers/pen • Steers were implanted with Component TE-IS (Elanco Animal Health) on d 1 and reimplanted with Component TE-200 (Elanco Animal Health) on d 91 • Steers were fed for 173 d • The three hybrids (Mycogen® seeds) • Standard corn silage hybrid which served as the control (CON; hybrid-TMR 2 R 720) • BM 3 hybrid (BM 3; hybrid-F 15579 S 2) • Experimental BM 3 hybrid (BM 3 -EXP; hybrid. F 15578 XT) with a soft endosperm Know how. Know now.
Materials and Methods • 2 x 3 factorial design • Factors were level of silage inclusion in the diet (15 or 45%) and silage hybrid (CON, BM 3, or BM 3 -EXP) Treatments Ingredient 15% corn silage BM 3 CON BM 3 EXP 45% corn silage BM 3 CON BM 3 EXP Control corn silage 15. 0 - - 45. 0 - - - 15. 0 - - 45. 0 - BM 3 corn silage BM 3 -EXP corn silage MDGS Dry rolled corn - - 15. 0 - - 45. 0 20. 0 30. 5 20. 0 15. 5 High moisture corn 30. 5 15. 5 4. 0 4. 0 Supplement 2, 3 2 Supplement consisted of 1. 33% fine gound corn, 1. 675% limestone, 0. 30% salt, 0. 50% Urea in 15% CS diets and 0. 75% urea in 45% CS diets replacing FGC, 0. 10% tallow, 0. 05% Beef trace mineral (10% Mg, 6% Zn, 4. 5% Fe, 2% Mn, 0. 05% Cu, 0. 3% I, and 0. 05% Co), 0. 015% Vitamin A -D-E package (1, 500 IU of vit A, 3, 000 IU of vit D, 3. 7 IU of vit E) as a percentage of final diet DM. 3 Formulated to provide 30 g/ton of Rumensin and 90 mg/hd/d of Tylan Know how. Know now.
Feedlot Performance The effects of silage inclusion and silage hybrid on feedlot performance in calf fed steers. Treatments 1 15% corn silage 45% corn silage BM 3 CON BM 3 -EXP Int. 2 Concen Hybrid 4 3 tration Initial BW, lb 736 735 736 737 0. 49 0. 57 0. 36 Final BW, lb 1382 b 1380 b 1407 a 1339 c 1372 b 1374 b 0. 04 < 0. 01 DMI, lb/d 21. 5 22. 1 21. 8 22. 3 22. 4 23. 0 0. 19 < 0. 01 0. 11 ADG, lb 3. 73 b 3. 88 a 3. 49 c 3. 67 b 3. 68 b 0. 05 < 0. 01 Feed: Gain 5. 77 b 5. 92 c 5. 63 a 6. 38 e 6. 09 d 6. 26 e 0. 01 < 0. 01 0. 45 Live Final BW, lb 1377 1373 1389 1361 1370 1372 0. 49 0. 03 0. 15 Diets contained 20% MDGS Know how. Know now.
Interaction P = 0. 19 Concentration P < 0. 01 Hybrid P = 0. 11 DMI 25 20 lb, d 15 10 22. 3 22. 4 21. 5 22. 1 21. 8 23 5 0 15% CS CON 45% CS BM 3 -EXP Know how. Know now.
Average Daily Gain 4. 5 Interaction P = 0. 05 Concentration P < 0. 01 Hybrid P < 0. 01 4 3. 5 lb 3 2. 5 2 b 3. 73 a 3. 88 1. 5 c 3. 49 b b 3. 68 3. 67 1 0. 5 0 15% CS CON 45% CS BM 3 -EXP Know how. Know now.
Feed: Gain Ratio 7 Interaction P = 0. 01 Concentration P < 0. 01 Hybrid P = 0. 45 6 F: G Ratio 5 4 3 5. 77 b c 6. 38 a 5. 92 5. 63 e d 6. 26 6. 09 e 2 1 0 15 % CS CON 45% CS BM 3 -EXP Know how. Know now.
Summary • Feeding BM 3 -EXP at 15% of diet • Greater Final BW and ADG, lower F: G vs CON and BM 3 • Feeding BM 3 at 15% of diet • Equal ADG but higher F: G vs CON • Both BM 3 silages at 45 % of diet • Similar Final BW and ADG • Both better than CON Know how. Know now.
Materials and Methods - Growing Trial • 216 crossbred steer calves (714 ± 22 lb) • Blocked into 1 BW blocks and assigned randomly to pen • 18 pens, 6 pens/treatment, 12 steers/pen • Steers were implanted with Ralgro (Merck Animal Health) d 1 • Steers were fed for 76 d • All steers were limit fed for 5 d followed by 2 d of consecutive weights and averaged for Initial and Final BW (Watson et al, 2013) Know how. Know now.
Corn Silage hybrids in growing diets • Three treatments • All diets included 15% MDGS and 5% supplement (contained 0. 55% urea) • The remainder of diet - 80% corn silage • 1 of 3 hybrids: • CON • BM 3 -EXP Know how. Know now.
Growing trial performance Effects of feeding two different BM 3 corn silage hybrids on growing steer performance. Treatments Variable CON BM 3 -EXP SEM F-Test 0. 7 Initial BW, lb 714 713 714 0. 80 4. 9 Ending BW, lb 989 b 1035 a 1032 a < 0. 01 0. 2 DMI, lb/d 21. 2 b 24. 0 a 24. 1 a < 0. 01 0. 06 ADG, lb 3. 62 b 4. 23 a 4. 19 a < 0. 01 Feed: Gain 5. 86 5. 67 5. 74 0. 26 a, b, c Means with different superscripts differ (P < 0. 05). Treatments were control (CON; hybrid-TMR 2 R 720), a BM 3 hybrid (BM 3; hybrid-F 15579 S 2), and an experimental BM 3 hybrid (BM 3 -EXP; hybrid-F 15578 XT) with a soft endosperm. 1 Know how. Know now.
Summary • BM 3 trait corn silage vs control corn silage • Increased DMI and ADG • No difference in F: G • No differences between BM 3 and BM 3 -EXP • Ending BW, DMI, ADG, and F: G Know how. Know now.
Conclusions Effect of harvest time • • No performance differences in feedlot between different DM silages • • Decreased DMI, ADG, and increased F: G in growing diets Effect of Hybrid Effect of inclusion level • 15 to 45 % Equal or better inclusion regardless performance with of harvest time and BMR vs CON in hybrid lowers ADG, finishing cattle HCW, and increases BMR increased DMI F: G & ADG in growing diets compared to • Hybrid effect at higher levels CON • Silage growing diets need RUP source to meet MP needs of growing calves Know how. Know now.
Questions? © 2007 The Board of Regents of the University of Nebraska. All rights reserved. Know how. Know now.
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