The Early Modern Era 1500 1900 AD 5

The Early Modern Era 1500 – 1900 AD

5 Important Periods Renaissance l Reformation l Enlightenment l French Revolution l Industrial Revolution l

The Renaissance began during the 1300’s mostly in Italy. l Renaissance = Rebirth l The main focus of the Renaissance were arts, education, and politics. l Humanism l

Arts l l l l l The Renaissance was perhaps the greatest period for art in human history. Some of the greatest artists and paintings came from this era. Leonardo Da Vinci (1452 – 1519) Durer (1471 – 1528) Michelangelo (1475 – 1564) Van Eyck (1385 – 1440) Botticelli (1445 – 1510) Bellini (1430 – 1516) Raphael (1483 – 1520)

Davinci l The Last Supper

Mona Lisa

Pieta

Sistine Chapel/The Creation

Adoration of the Magi

Madonna With Child

School of Athens

The Wedding

A Young Hare

Crucifixion

Birth of Venus

Feast of the Gods

Education became another major focus during the Renaissance. l This is where modern education began to take form. l Education was focused more on people (humanities). l All of these practices were based off the works of ancient Greeks and Romans. l Philosophy l

Society & Politics During the Renaissance, the class system became more well defined: l Clergy l Nobility l Bourgeoisie l Commoners l

Important Figures Machiavelli l Dante l Chaucer l Shakespeare l Gutenberg (printing) l

The Protestant Reformation The Reformation began with a simple question: What must I do to be saved? l Many people felt the Catholic Church had become corrupt. l Selling of indulgences. l Pluralism & Absenteeism l

Martin Luther was a former German monk who broke from the Catholic Church. l Luther believed that faith in God alone could get you to heaven. l 95 Theses l Luther would be excommunicated by Pope Leo X and went into hiding, protected by Frederick of Saxony. l

Protestant Religions Lutheranism l Presbyterianism (John Calvin) l Anabaptists l Anglicans l Methodists l

Beliefs of Protestants Most protestants believe that faith alone can get you to Heaven. l There is no clear leader, like a Pope, all individuals are equally important (Humanism). l Predestination l Importance of family l There is much more political influence in Protestantism than in Catholicism. l

Reformation in England l l The Reformation in England was more political than anything else. It was led by King Henry VIII (1491 – 1547) Henry was angered that the Pope would not allow him to divorce his first wife, so he broke from the Catholic Church and founded the Church of England (Anglican). As time passed, Protestantism grew in England became more powerful than Catholicism. This led to the English Civil War of the 1640’s (Oliver Cromwell).

Catholic Reformation The Protestant Reformation helped the Catholic Church to realize that changes needed to be made. l The Council of Trent (1545 – 1563) outlined new reforms in the Church. l Ignatius Loyola (Jesuits) l One of the Jesuit focuses was education (Catholic schools). l

The Enlightenment brought out new ideas about politics, science, and life in general. l Elizabeth I (Ruled 1558 – 1603) l The Age of Reason (Francis Bacon). l Many great philosophers and scientists would come from this period. l

Science The Scientific Revolution created many new ideas about the universe. l New principles in math and science began to arise. l Copernicus (1473 – 1543) l Galileo (1564 – 1642) l Isaac Newton (1643 – 1727) l Advances in Medicine l

Philosophy Enlightenment philosophy is based on the idea of reason: Using the Scientific method to explain all of life. l Reached its peak in the 18 th century (1700’s) l

“Philosophes” The goal of “philosophes” was to change the world, not just discuss it. l Thomas Hobbes (1588 – 1679) l John Locke (1632 – 1704) l Voltaire (1694 – 1778) l Denis Diderot (1713 – 1784) l Adam Smith (1723 – 1790) l Mary Wollstonecraft (1759 – 1797) l

Not A Title Classical style music came from the enlightenment period. l By the end of the Enlightenment, the average person was more educated than ever before in history. l This would lead to major changes that are still present in society today. l

The French Revolution l l l The revolution started because people began to question the system of the Estates General. Each group had only one vote (clergy, nobility, commoners). Who is it fair to tax?

Road to Revolution The French Revolution was inspired by the American Revolution against Britain l The 3 rd estate had become angry with the extravagant life of the King (Louis XVI), and the first two estates. l For years, the monarchy had not asked the Estates General for their opinion, especially the commoners. l

Revolution The Revolution began in 1789. l Storming the Bastille. l The King’s Army was powerless to stop the angry mob of people. l After taking over, the 3 rd estate established the National Assembly, where each representative had 1 vote l Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen. l

The New France The new French system of government was based on our own system in the U. S. l Limited power of monarchy l During this time, Blessed William Joseph Chaminade worked to keep the church alive. l

Problems Everything happened so fast that there were many holes in the new government. l Robespierre and the reign of terror l Guillotine l

Napoleon From 1799 – 1815, Napoleon would become dictator of France. l Napoleon was a great general, but had an Ego that was far greater. l He was short = Napoleon complex l He would go from being loved by the French people to hated. l Invasion of Russia l Waterloo l

Comparing the Revolutions American July 4, 1776 - Declaration of Independence. War with England 1787 - Constitution 1791 – Bill of Rights Constitution ratified 1791 -2006– same Constitution French July 14, 1789 - Storming of the Bastille Aug, 1789 – Declaration of the rights of Man 1791 – Constitution ANARCHY 1793 -94 – Committee of Public Safety ANARCHY 1794 – 99 –DIRECTORY 1799 -1815 – Napoleon 1815 – King Louis XVIII Today 5 th Republic

Industrial Revolution l l The Industrial Revolution was the culmination of all the advancements that had been made before. It began in Britain during the 1780’s. Up until this time, most ordinary people depended on agriculture for jobs and to support their families. Industrialization is the process by which a Nation’s economy shifts from agriculture to manufacturing.

Reasons for this growth l l l l Many new inventions increased production of products, creating jobs for people and lowering costs. In 1768, James Hargreave invented the “Spinning Jenny”, which produced yarn in greater quantities. James Watt invented the steam engine, powered by steam. This practical device could be used for a variety of purposes and was perhaps the most important invention of the revolution. Puddling – A system developed by Henry Cort that improved the quality of iron by removing impurities. Steamboats and railroads greatly improved transportation. Industrialization would spread throughout Europe from Britain during the 1800’s. Lower Death rates

Impacts l l l l Population growth and big cities. New industrial classes began to form. Factory work would replace agriculture as the most popular job market. Average people now had more money!! The birth of big business. A new political system, called socialism, would begin to take shape. Karl Marx

Labor l l l l Working conditions in factories were often very harsh. There were so many people and jobs that if you were late one day you could be fined, or even fired!! Child Labor Factory Act of 1833. Irish Potato Famine. Unions The Second Industrial Revolution in the U. S. would lead many people to leave Europe for jobs in America and help make it the power it is today.

Imperialism l l When stronger countries extend their political, economic, or military control over weaker ones. European’s were doing this in Africa, South America, and Asia since the 1500’s. By the end of the 1800’s, many European powers had cemented themselves as dominant countries. This would all begin to change in a few short years.