The Early Industrial Revolution 1760 1851 The Industrial

The Early Industrial Revolution 1760 -1851

The Industrial Revolution n An economic and social transformation n Occurred in the 18 th century n The revolution brought innovations in manufacturing, mining, transportation, and communications n Changes occurred in society and commerce

The Industrial Revolution n The industrializing countries (Britain, Western Europe) increased highly in production & productivity n It was a time where the rich had power over the poor

Society Changes Deforestation was occurring more often n Cheap Labor : – Child labor – Irish Men and Women – American women n The workers were being put to work long hours in dangerous factories n More began to demand for slaves once Child Labor Laws were passed n

The Industrial Revolution occurred mainly because of: n Population growth n The agricultural revolution n Trade n Britain and continental Europe

Population Growth Population growth due to: n More reliable food sources n Earlier Marriage n Higher Birthrates n Better Medicine n Migration into the city n Widespread resistance to diseases

The Agricultural Revolution n Only rich land owners afforded the investment of new crops and new farming methods n The wealthy land owners enclosed their land to apply new scientific farming methods

The Agricultural Revolution n New forage and food crops (mostly from the Americas) produced more food per acre n Farmers raised more cattle, resulting in more milk and meat

Trade n Increasing demands in Europe for goods resulted in increasing productions through workshops and the putting-out system n Once population growth occurred, innovation, technology, and trade grew

Britain and Continental Europe Eighteenth-century Britain had economic growth, population growth, people who were willing to put new ideas into practice, strong mining and metal industries, the world’s largest merchant marine, and a good water transportation system. n European governments played a significant role in fostering industrialization. n

The Technological Revolution Mass Production: Pottery n Pottery was imported or handmade n Only the wealthy could afford the fine Chinese porcelain n Produced for the courts and aristocracy

Mechanization: The cotton industry n n n Cotton plant did not grow in Europe The cotton industry was the largest industry in this period The beginning of 1760 resulted in the spinning jenny(1764), the water frame (1769), and the mule (1785) The increased supply of cotton thread and the demand for cotton cloth led to the invention of power looms and other machinery and processes for cotton textile productions Cotton became America’s most important crop

The Iron Industry n Iron production brought deforestation therefore the price for charcoal increased n Iron was a rare and valuable metal outside of China n British began to produce lots of cheap iron, this increased production and lowered the cost. n Iron was used to build the Crystal Palace

The Iron Industry n “The American system of manufactures” was the use of machinery to mass-produce consumer goods with identical parts n Interchangeable parts originated in the eighteenth century but was widely adopted in the nineteenth century

The Steam Engine n The steam engine was the most revolutionary invention of the Industrial Revolution n In 1769 James Watt improved the Newcomen engine and began to manufacture engines for sale to manufactures n In France and America the steam engine was used to power riverboats

Railroads n More powerful high-pressure steam engines were used to power steam locomotives that replaced the horses on horse-power railways n In the 1840’s and 1850’s railways linked the United States together and agricultural development was opened to the Midwest

Communication over Wires n Two systems of telegraphs were invented in 1837: Wheatestone and Cook’s five needle and Morse’s dots and dashes system. n It was the beginning of a global communication system

The New Industrial Cities n Industrialism caused a rapid growth in towns & the development ofmegalopolises like Greater London n Population growth made urban problems more serious because of lackon necessities such as sewage disposal. n Municipal reforms began to help improve urban life

Rural Environments n New transportation systems changed rural life by creating faster means of getting from place to place n The smaller demand for agricultural products led to an improvement in the English land.

Working conditions n n n The Industrial Revolution increased the demand for cotton, sugar, and coffee New, highly paid opportunities for some craftsmen, but mostly badly paid jobs for unskilled workers Women workers were mostly in textile mills and earned less than men High rates of child labor because of poverty and a preference for childworkers In America, Industrialism offered good wages and working conditions to women early on, but later harsher conditions became the standard.

Laissez Faire and Its Critics Adam Smith was the most famous believer in the laissez-faire doctrine. Thomas Malthus and David Ricardo thought that instead of government help, poverty and over-population should be fixed by delayed marriage and sexual restraint. n Laissez-faire: the government shouldn’t interfere in business n Jeremy Bentham and Friedrich List believed that the government should manage the economy and deal with social problems. n

Positivists and Utopian Socialists n In France, the count of Saint-Simon created positivism, which said that scientific method could also solve social problems n Charles Fourier and Robert Owen were utopian socialists, andimagined ideal worlds without capitalists and where there was prosperity for everyone. n

Protests and Reforms Workers initial responses to bad working conditions was to change jobs, not report for work, do bad work, and participate in strikes n Later, workers developed trade unions and benevolent societies n The British Government was persuaded to investigate the issues with industrialism and passed new legislation: Factory Act of 1833, Mines Act of 1842, and Repeal of the Corn Laws in 1846 n

Key terms: n n Industrial Revolution: The time of a dramatic increase in mining and manufacturing Josiah Wedgwood: He opened the first pottery business in 1759, also he was an inventor Agricultural revolution: a time of new food being accepted in Europe and the spread of different kinds of food Mass production: the process of making identical items by breaking things down into simple tasks

Key terms: n n Division of labor: Dividing parts of labor into specialized tasks Mechanization: the use of machines to do work usually done by hand, increased the amount of work made and lowered prices Richard Arkwright: an inventor who came up with the spinning machine and the water frame Crystal palace: A large green house which housed huge trees

Key terms: n n Steam engine: a train that ran on steam which increased the amount of transportation of products James Watt: designed the steam engine, and was in the Lunar Society Electric telegraph: made communication over large distances easier and was introduced in 1837 Business cycles: the constant cycle of hard economic times and booming times

Key terms: n Laissez faire: meant "Let them do" n Mercantilism: the idea that government should regulate trade in order to maximize the load of precious metals n Positivism: is the idea that everyone should be protected under leaders n Utopian socialism: the idea of having many people all working and living in the same place of work