The Earliest Humans Outcome Rise of Civilization Mesopotamia
- Slides: 52
The Earliest Humans Outcome: Rise of Civilization & Mesopotamia
What will we learn? 1. Villages grow into cities. 2. The 5 Characteristics that make up a civilization 3. Mesopotamia & Sumer
Constructive Response Questions 3. Classify the characteristics that make up a civilization? 4. Describe the geography of Mesopotamia.
What interesting details do you see in this image? What roles do men and women play in this society? Because of their different capabilities, what might be some of this group’s advantages? Disadvantages?
§ “Paleolithic” --> “Old Stone” Age § 2, 500, 000 BCE – 10, 000 BCE § Made tools § hunting (men) & gathering small berries, wild fruits, and nuts (women) �small bands of 20 -30 humans § NOMADIC (moving from place to place)
§ Humans during this period found shelter in caves. § Cave paintings left behind.
By 9000 BC, primitive farming had begun… ~The ability to farm effectively took 100 s of years to develop
This profound change was known as… The Neolithic Agricultural Revolution WOW!!! Definition: the movement of people from food gathering to food producing
A KEY element in the NEOLITHIC AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION was. . . The DOMESTICATION of ANIMALS. . . The taming, breeding and use of animals for the benefit of humans Necessary characteristics: • NON meat eaters • will reproduce in captivity • will submit to humans • long life span
Growing crops on a regular basis made possible the support for larger population 12 cultivated crops Division of labor Engaged trade More, permanent settlements emerged
The knowledge of growing crops and the domestication of animals was critical because… This provided an adequate food supply for the first time… People could settle down in one place and stop their nomadic lifestyle.
People formed small farming villages and worked together to grow food in more productive ways. They developed the use of irrigation, which allowed them to acquire a food surplus.
Then, people didn’t have to work so hard all the time to produce food…so they had more free time on their hands. Some began to specialize in one type of job or craft, instead of doing many types of work. (technological advances)
As life got easier…the population grew. Trade networks were established between Different groups and cities began to grow. As trade expanded, writing was developed as a way to keep records of trade & temples.
Put all these elements together and… Civilization Arrives!!! Ms. Christian Nacisd. org
What characteristics make a society or group of people a civilization?
Stable Food Supply The people of a society should have the food they need to survive.
Social structure Different jobs Social levels People at higher levels have greater status than others
Government Brings order Direct behavior Enforce laws Collect taxes Military
Religion Set of beliefs God or gods Forms of worship Place of worship Ceremonies
The Arts Creative forms of expression Painting, architecture, music
Technology Practical tools and inventions
Writing Symbols standing for objects Written language
Rise of Civilization & Mesopotamia 1. Setting the Stage a. How did Agriculture change life for humans? i. Began dwelling in larger, more organized communities ii. Cities gradually grew iii. Economics began to matter
Rise of Civilization & Mesopotamia 2. Villages Grow into Cities a. Farming became easier due to advances in technology and domestication of animals b. Bigger harvests also resulted from better technology c. Fact: The more food you have in supply, the bigger the population that can be supported d. As cities grew, so did responsibilities ---> not everyone farmed anymore e. The wheel and the sail allowed trade to occur over longer distances f. No currency yet g. Social Classes began to emerge h. Religion became more organized
Rise of Civilization & Mesopotamia 3. How Civilization Develops a. A Civilization is a complex culture with 5 characteristics i. Advanced Cities 1. Size alone does not distinguish a city from a village 2. Must be a center for trade
Rise of Civilization & Mesopotamia ii. Specialized Workers 1. Specialization: the development of skills in a specific kind of work 2. Artisans: skilled workers who make goods by hand
Rise of Civilization & Mesopotamia iii. Complex Institutions 1. Institution: a long-lasting pattern of organization in a community 2. Ex: Government, religion, and the economy
Rise of Civilization & Mesopotamia iv. Record Keeping 1. Ex. Tax collecting, passage of laws, storage of grain 2. Around 3000 B. C. Sumerian scribes (professional record keepers) invented a writing system called cuneiform. 3. Cuneiform: wedge shaped point pressed into wet clay to make symbols. P. 21
Rise of Civilization & Mesopotamia v. Advanced Technology 1. Ex: Ox drawn plows, potters wheel, using bronze 2. Melt copper and tin together = bronze (more durable and malleable)
Mesopotamia Also known as The Fertile Crescent
Rise of Civilization & Mesopotamia 4. Geography of Mesopotamia a. Located in modern day Iraq b. Rich land curved shape led scholars to call it the Fertile Crescent c. Tigris and Euphrates Rivers run through region d. Rivers unpredictably flood yearly leaving thick layer of mineral rich silt e. Periods of no rain could cause desert conditions. Solution: irrigation. f. No natural barriers in Mesopotamia for protection. Solution: they built walls g. Natural resources were scarce. Solution: trade networks were established.
Sumer
Rise of Civilization & Mesopotamia 5. Sumerians Create City-States a. The Sumerians exemplified the 5 characteristics of a civilization b. Sumerians developed city-states: city that functioned like an independent country c. Early government was controlled by temple priests d. Ziggurat was a place of worship and like a town hall e. In some cases, military leaders became full-time rulers and passed powers to sons f. Dynasty: series of rulers from same family line g. Cultural Diffusion: ideas or products spread from one culture to another through conquest and trade
Ziggurat
Rise of Civilization & Mesopotamia 6. Sumerian Culture a. Sumerians were polytheistic: belief in more than one god b. When you died you went to the “land of no return, ” a dismal and gloomy place c. Sumerians had social classes (see pyramid to right) d. Sumerian women had more rights than many later Civilizations e. Ur was one of the world’s first cities i. iii. iv. v. Flourished 5, 000 years ago 30, 000 people City walls Used the barter system for trade Worshipped at the ziggurat
Ur
Rise of Civilization & Mesopotamia f. Sargon of Akkad conquered Sumer in 2350 B. C. g. Sargon created the world’s first empire: the bringing together of several peoples or nations under the control of one ruler. h. Babylonian ruler Hammurabi came up with Hammurabi’s Code i. Hammurabi’s Code: single, uniform set of laws engraved in stone to help unify diverse groups within his empire
• Hammurabi wasn’t the first ruler to establish code of laws • His is the best preserved legal document • Rulers of ancient Babylon believed that the gods had entrusted them to deal fairly with their people “to bring about the rule of righteousness in the land… so that the strong should not harm the weak • The code standing 8 feet tall was placed in a public area
Hammurabi, the king of righteousness, On whom Shamash has conferred the Law, am I. When Marduk sent me to rule over men, to give the protection of right to the land, I did right and in righteousness brought about the well-being of the oppressed. Below are situations Hammurabi faced. You and your partner decide what you think to be a fair way to deal with the problem. Then together we’ll view what Hammurabi actually declared. We’ll find out if Marduk, the supreme god, will be pleased with your decisions? 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. What should be done to the carpenter who builds a house that falls and kills the owner? What should be done about a wife who ignores her duties and belittles her husband? What should be done when a "sister of god" (or nun) enters the wine shop for a drink? What should be done if a son is adopted and then the birth-parents want him back? What happens if a man is unable to pay his debts? What should happen to a boy who slaps his father? What happens to the wine seller who fails to arrest bad characters gathered at her shop? How is the truth determined when one man brings an accusation against another? http: //www. phillipmartin. info/hammurabi_situation_index. htm Compiled and Illustrated by Phillip Martin copyright 1998
What should be done to the carpenter who builds a house that falls and kills the owner? If a builder builds a house for a man and does not make its construction sound, and the house which he has built collapses and causes the death of the owner of the house, the builder shall be put to death. -Code 229
What happens if a man is unable to pay his debts? If a man be in debt and is unable to pay his creditors, he shall sell his wife, son, or daughter, or bind them over to service. For three years they shall work in the houses of their purchaser or master; in the fourth year they shall be given their freedom. -Code 117
What happens to the wine seller who fails to arrest bad characters gathered at her shop? If bad characters gather in the house of a wine seller and she does not arrest those characters and bring them to the palace, that wine seller shall be put to death -Code 108
What should be done about a wife who ignores her duties and belittles her husband? If the woman has not been careful but has gadded about, neglecting her house and belittling her husband, they shall throw that woman into the water. -Code 143
What should be done if a son is adopted and then the birth-parents want him back? If a man takes in his own home a young boy as a son and rears him, one may not bring claim for that adopted son. -Code 185
What should happen to a boy who slaps his father? If a son strikes his father, they shall cut off his hand. -Code 195
How is the truth determined when one man brings an accusation against another? If any one bring an accusation against a man, and the accused go to the river and leap into the river, if he sink in the river his accuser shall take possession of his house. But if the river prove that the accused is not guilty, and he escape unhurt, then he who had brought the accusation shall be put to death, while he who leaped into the river shall take possession of the house that had belonged to his accuser. -Code 2
What should be done when a "sister of god" (or nun) enters the wine shop for a drink? If a "sister of god" (nun) who is not living in a convent opens a wine shop or enters a wine shop for a drink, they shall burn that woman. -Code 110
Have society’s problems changed or remained the same? Which people were favored by the laws and which were not? Did Hammurabi accomplish what he set out to do? “to bring about the rule of righteousness in the land…so that the strong should not harm the weak.
Constructive Response Questions 3. Classify the characteristics that make up a civilization? 4. Describe the geography of Mesopotamia.
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