The Dynamics of the Digestive System Digestive Physiology

The Gut: Inside Out Ø The developing gut faces unique challenges as one of

The Gut: Inside Out Ø Yet in evolutionary terms, the gut, as an endodermal

The Intestinal Microflora Ø Is an essential ‘‘organ’’ in providing nourishment, regulating epithelial development,

Host-Bacterial Mutualism Ø New studies are revealing how the gut microbiota has coevolved with

Thus, it seems appropriate to view ourselves as a composite of many species Ø

Metabolic Machines Ø The microflora can metabolize proteins and protein degradation products Ø Sulfur-containing

Low p. H Ca + Acetate Ca + Propionato In rats, ceca is the

Up-regulation of gene expression for digestive hormones PROPIONATE 12/3/2020 9

In the immediate post hatch period Ø Birds must undergo the transition from energy

Torres-Rodriguez A. et al. 2005 Poultry Science Ø Administration of FMB 11 TM and

Conclusions Ø The interest in digestive physiology and the role of microorganisms has generated

Current research is still heavily biased toward gastrointestinal applications for probiotics Chronic constipation Ø

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The Dynamics of the Digestive System Digestive Physiology and the Role of Microorganisms Guillermo Tellez, Akrum Hamdy and B. M. Hargis JKS Poultry Health Research Laboratory

The Gut: Inside Out Ø The developing gut faces unique challenges as one of the longest and largest organs in the body and also because it is constantly interfacing with external factors through the diet. 12/3/2020 2

The Gut: Inside Out Ø Yet in evolutionary terms, the gut, as an endodermal organ, predates any mesodermal organ, and it has reached a level of complexity and sophistication that is only starting to be appreciated. 12/3/2020 3

The Intestinal Microflora Ø Is an essential ‘‘organ’’ in providing nourishment, regulating epithelial development, and instructing innate immunity Ø Yet, surprisingly, basic features remain poorly described. 12/3/2020 4

Host-Bacterial Mutualism Ø New studies are revealing how the gut microbiota has coevolved with us and how it manipulates and complements our biology in ways that are mutually beneficial. 12/3/2020 5

Thus, it seems appropriate to view ourselves as a composite of many species Ø And our genetic landscape as an amalgam of genes embedded in our Homo sapiens genome and in the genomes of our affiliated microbial partners (the “microbiome”). 12/3/2020 6

Metabolic Machines Ø The microflora can metabolize proteins and protein degradation products Ø Sulfur-containing compounds Ø Endogenous and exogenous glycoproteins Ø FOS, the most abundant source of carbon on earth 12/3/2020 7

Low p. H Ca + Acetate Ca + Propionato In rats, ceca is the most important site of Ca+ absorption In humans, large quantities of Ca+ are absorbed in the colorectal region 12/3/2020 BUTIRATE 8

Up-regulation of gene expression for digestive hormones PROPIONATE 12/3/2020 9

In the immediate post hatch period Ø Birds must undergo the transition from energy supplied by the endogenous nutrients of the yolk to exogenous carbohydrate-rich feed. Ø During that critical time dramatic changes occur both in the intestinal size and morphology. 12/3/2020 10

Torres-Rodriguez A. et al. 2005 Poultry Science Ø Administration of FMB 11 TM and dietary lactose at a very low concentration [0. 1%] greatly enhanced the growth rates of turkeys under commercial conditions and furthered reduced total production costs 12/3/2020 11

Conclusions Ø The interest in digestive physiology and the role of microorganisms has generated data whereby human and animal well being can be enhanced and the risk of disease reduced. 12/3/2020 12

Current research is still heavily biased toward gastrointestinal applications for probiotics Chronic constipation Ø Chronic diarrhea Ø Inflammatory bowel disease Ø Irritable bowel syndrome Ø Food allergy Ø 12/3/2020 13