THE DYNAMIC LAND ECOSYSTEM MODEL DLEM AND ITS

THE DYNAMIC LAND ECOSYSTEM MODEL (DLEM) AND ITS APPLICATIONS IN NORTH AMERICA Ming-Liang Liu (mingliang. liu@wsu. edu) Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, WSU, Pullman, WA Prior Institute: International Center for Climate and Global Change Research Ecosystem Dynamics and Global Ecology Laboratory Auburn University, Auburn, AL October 14, 2011 1

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS • Hanqin TIAN • Chi ZHANG • Guangsheng CHEN • Chaoquan LU • Wei REN • Xiaofeng XU • Jia YANG • Supported by NASA IDS, NASA LCLUC, DOE NICCR 2

OUTLINE • Model Introduction – Dynamic Land Ecosystem Model (DLEM) • Recent Improvements • Validations • Applications • Discussions 3

INTRODUCTION • Regional Earth System Model http: //www. pnnl. gov/atmospheric/iresm/modeling. stm 4

MODEL (DLEM) Chen et al. , 2006; Liu et al. , 2008; Ren et al. , 2007 a; Ren et al. , 2007 b; Ren et al. , 2011 b; Tian et al. , 2011; Tian et al. , 2010 a; Tian et al. , 2010 b; Tian et al. , 2010 c; Xu et al. , 2010; Zhang et al. , 2007 5

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INPUT MODEL Driving Factors Climate CO 2 Related: . Temperature. Precipitation. Radiation. Relative Humidity . Carbon Storage. Harvest. Ecosystem Respiration. Net Primary Productivity. Net Ecosystem Exchange. Export of DOC and POC Atmospheric Compositions. CO 2. O 3. Nitrogen Deposition Land Use. Deforestation. Urbanization. Harvest. Fertilization. Irrigation Other Disturbances. Wildfire. Disease . Climate Extremes Soil Controlling Factors OUTPUT . Physical Properties. Chemical Properties. Depth Geomorphology. Elevation. Slope. Aspect River Network. Flow Direction. Accumulative Area. River Slope. River Length. River Width Vegetation Functional Type Cropping System Non-CO 2 GHG; Dynamic Land Ecosystem Model . CH 4 Emissions. N 2 O Emissions Water Related; . Surface Runoff. Subsurface Flow. Evapotranspiration. Soil Moisture. River Discharge Nitrogen Related: . Nitrogen Storage. Mineralization Rate. Nitrofication Rate. Denitrification Rate. Export of TN 7

IMPROVEMENTS • From single land cover to cohort structure • Rainfall disaggregation • Multi-soil layer, TOPMOD, Ground water - CLM methods • River routine 8

• From single land cover to cohort structure vegetation cover, impervious surface, lake, stream, sea, bare ground, and glacier 9

• Rainfall disaggregation Sivakumar & Sharma, 2008 Connolly et al. , 1998 10

• Multi-soil layer, TOPMOD, Ground water - CLM methods Liu et al. , 2008 Niu et al. , 2007, 2009 Beven & Kirkby, 1979 11

Precipitation Canopy Evaporation Sublimation Rain Snow Water-surface Evaporation Liquid Interception Snow Canopy (1, 2, …n types) Transpiration Water Uptake Throughfall Impervious surface Surface Runoff Water body (lake, stream) Discharge Sublimation Soil Evaporation Surface Runoff Melt Snow cover Infiltration Saturated area Zone of aeration Redistribution Recharge Water Table Zone of saturation Soil Recharge Aquifer Drainage Runoff Hydrological processes simulated by DLEM 12

• River routine 13

Scheme of C & N yield and export in the DLEM 14

VALIDATIONS • Field observations, e. g. Ameri. Flux network • River gauges • Model-data fusion data sets, e. g. up-scaled observations • Other regional model results 15

Model Validations Distributions of Ameri. Flux towers for model validation 16

VALIDATIONS Comparison of simulated discharges with reconstructed historical discharge and USGS observations (MARB) The comparison of simulated ET vs observations 17

Rosemount G 19 Alternative Rotations (cropland) Missouri Ozark (Deciduous Broad-leaf Forest) 18

WATERSHED 18 WITHIN THE COWEETA BASIN, NORTH CAROLINA, USA 19

Connecticut Hudson Delaware 20

Susquehanna Potmac James 21

VERIFICATION OF C&N EXPORT DIN export from Mississippi river basin 22

Simulated vs. observed TN of the Potomac river 23

APPLICATIONS • The Gulf of Mexico • The Eastern Coast 24

DATA DEM, slope: HRDRO 1 K data sets Lake, river fractional data: SRTM-Water Body Data; GLC 2000; Global Lakes and Wetlands Database (GLWD) Soil data: ISRIC-WISE derived soil properties with 5× 5 arcminute resolution Climate: North America Regional Reanalysis (NARR) data from NCEP River networks: 5 arc-minute global river networks (Graham et al. , WRR, 1999) 25

Study area and land cover in 2005 (land cover shows the dominant type in each 5 arcminute grid) 26 Sub-basins: EC: East Coast of GOM; MARB: Mississippi-Atchafalaya River Basin; TB:

Land use conversions during 1901 -2005 (The different color shows the dominant conversion in each 5 arc-minute grid and total change is larger than 5% 27

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Anomalies of ET, runoff, and precipitations during 1901 -2008 (unit: mm per year) 29

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EASTERN COAST Eastern Coast Study Area 35

LAND-USE/LAND-COVER Land use, 2005 36 Land use conversions, 1901 -2005

CLIMATE CHANGE % per Century of precipitation °C per Century Trend in annual temperature and precipitation, 1901 -2008 37

SPATIAL PATTERN OF RUNOFF Mean annual runoff, 1901 -2008 (mm/year) Trend in annual runoff, 1901 -2008 (% per Century) 38

DISCHARGE 650 Discharge (km 3) Trend (1971 -2008) 5 year Mov. Avg. 600 550 Discharge (km 3) 500 450 400 350 300 250 200 1901 1911 1921 1931 1941 1951 Year 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 39

EXPORT OF TOTAL ORGANIC CARBON SS 1901 -1970 1971 -2008 Change (%) GOM MAB SAB GS 0. 045 0. 438 0. 743 0. 682 0. 028 0. 049 0. 524 0. 891 0. 617 0. 026 8. 95% 19. 83% 20. 01% -9. 49% -6. 91% 40

TOC YIELD AND TREND Mean TOC yield, 1901 -2008 (g. C/m 2/year) Trend in TOC yield, 1901 -2008 (g. C/m 2/year) 41

EXPORT OF NITROGEN 42

TOTAL NITROGEN YIELD AND TREND Mean TN yield, 1901 -2008 (g. N/m 2/year) Trend in TN yield, 1901 -2008 (g. N/m 2/year) 43

44 Mean TN export, 1901 -2008 (Thousand ton N (109

DRIVING FORCES - ON TN EXPORT Estimated anomaly of TN export under different simulation experiments 45

OTHER APPLICATIONS • NACP – Site and regional model-data comparison • North America GHG emissions • Southeast of US • China GHG budget • Monsoon Asia • Global 46

The annual mean leaching and exports of nutrients from land surface of North America during 1961 -1990 as estimated by Dynamic Land Ecosystem Model with Nutrients Export (DLEM-NE) A. TN leaching from inland watershed (g. N/m 2/year) B. TN export from each 0. 5° × 0. 5° grid to downstream grid (Metric ton N/grid) C. TOC leaching from inland watershed (g. C/m 2/year) D. TOC export from each 0. 5° × 0. 5° grid to downstream grid (Metric ton C/grid) 47

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NEE Seasonal cycle (Howland) Image credit: Dan Ricciuto Preliminary results of model-data Inter-comparison for the NACP Site-Level Interim Synthesis Peter Thornton, Kevin Schaefer NACP Synthesis Management Team Ameriflux and Fluxnet Canada Investigators Modeling Team Investigators Dan Riccuito, Barbara Jackson 49

Net Ecosystem Exchange Inverse Models Forward Models Temperate North America Regional Interim Synthesis Breakout Discussion Report NACP Interim Synthesis Workshop Oak Ridge, TN, November 9 -11, 2009 By W. Mac Post 50

DISCUSSIONS • Coupling with water quality model and regional climate model • Social-economic data/model • Model-data fusion • Super computer technology 51

CO 2, s NH 3, s H 2 CO 3* (M/L) HCO 3(M/L) N 2, S CO 32(M/L) photosynthesis R P O 2 hydrolysis ana NH 3 N uptake Phytoplankton a (mg Chla/m 3) excr Den. . POC & PON Cp Np (g(C, N)/m 3) Nitri. acdnc egestion Herb. Zooplancton Zh (g(C, N)/m 3 azhnc NO 3 - N 2 Den. . DOC & DON Cd Nd (g(C, N)/m 3) aca R Nitri. NO 2 - dissolution 1 -εh εh NH 4+ excr egestion εc 1 -εc R LEGEND excr/death Nitrogen (N) flux Carn. Zooplancton Zc (g(C, N)/m 3) settling Oxygen (O) flux Carbon (C) flux azcnc C&N flux Sediments Chemical equilibrium 52

http: //www. yearofplenty. org/2010/10/index. html THANK YOU! 53 http: //hill. chem. wsu. edu/Photo. Gallery/Pu