The Dynamic Earth Chapter 3 Environmental Science Dynamic

The Dynamic Earth Chapter 3 Environmental Science

Dynamic Earth • An integrated system containing four interacting parts: – The Geosphere – The Atmosphere – The hydrosphere – The biosphere

Section 1 - Geosphere • The solid part of the earth that contains all rock, soils and sediments of Earth’s surface. • At the equator the distance from crust to crust is about 12, 756 km.

The Atmosphere • Mixture of gases that make up the air we breath. • Nearly all found in the first 30 km above the Earth’s surface.

The Hydrosphere • All of the water on or near Earth’s surface. • Covers nearly 75% of the surface. • Found in atmosphere, land soil.

The Biosphere • Made up of parts of the atmosphere, hydrosphere and geosphere. • The part of Earth where life exists. • Extends 9 km above Earth’s surface to the bottom of the oceans.

The Geosphere • Earth can be divided into three compositional layers: (left side labels) – Crust=thin outer layer, least dense, made of light elements, 1% of mass. – Mantle=64% of mass, rocks of medium density, layer below crust. – Core=densest elements, iron and nickel, approximately 3400 km radius.

Structure of Earth • Five physical layers: (right side) – Lithosphere= outer layer, includes crust and uppermost mantle, cool, rigid, divided into huge pieces called tectonic plates. – Asthenosphere= flowing, plastic, solidish layer that allows the tec. plates to move

Structure continued… – Mesosphere= lower part of the mantle. – Outer core= liquid, nickel and iron. – Inner core= solid, nickel and iron

Plate Tectonics • Major plates include the Pacific, North American, South American, Eurasian, and Antarctic. • Move around on the asthenosphere like ice on water.

Geologic Activity • Most of the geologic activity takes place at the boundaries between tectonic plates: – Mountain building=push together. Himalaya Mountains still growing. – Earth quakes=collide, slip past or pull apart from each other. Measured by the Richter scale. Magnitude 2= smallest to be felt, 9. 5=largest recorded. – Volcanoes=mountain built from magma. Can form islands. – Erosion=removal and transport of surface material. Types=wind and water.

Section 2 - The Atmosphere • The mixture of gases that surround Earth. – Nitrogen (78%), oxygen (21%), carbon dioxide, and other gases (1%). – Constantly changing as gases enter and leave. – Insulates Earth’s Surface

Layers of Atmosphere • Four layers based upon temperature changes occurring above the Earth. Ozone Layer

The Troposphere • Layer closest to Earth, extends to 12 km above Earth. All weather occurs in this layer, densest layer, Temperature decreases as Altitude Increases

The Stratosphere • Extends from 12 km-50 km above Earth, Ozone layer contained in the stratosphere (ozone: O 3 absorbs UV energy and warms air), Temp. increases as Alt. increases.

The Mesosphere • Has the same name as one of the layers of Earth…Meso means middle, extends to 50 -80 km, coldest layer… Temperatures as low as -93ºC, Temp. decreases as altitude increases

The Thermosphere • The location of the Northern and Southern Lights (Aurora Borealis). • Temps reach 2000ºC because N 2 and O 2 absorb solar radiation, but would not feel hot to us because the air is so thin there are few collisions of air particles. (diff. between temp and heat!), Temp. increases and Alt. increases

Aurora Borealis Play

Energy in the Atmosphere • Reaches us through three mechanisms: – Radiation=transfer of E through space. – Conduction=transfer of E for warmer object to cooler object when brought into direct contact. – Convection=transfer of E through fluid currents.

The Greenhouse Effect • Green house gases trap heat near Earth’s surface just the way windows of a car trap heat in the car. • Without the Greenhouse effect, Earth would be too cold for life.

Greenhouse Gases • Water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, Ozone.

Section 3 - Hydro and Biosphere The water cycle: Continuous movement of water. – Evaporation: water heated below the boiling point to become vapor which rises into the atmosphere.

– Condensation: vapor forms droplets on dust that then become clouds. The droplets begin to collide, form larger droplets that can no longer be suspended…precipitation. – Precipitation: Water in the form of rain, snow, sleet or hail.

Other parts of the Hydrologic cycle: • Surface Run-off: Water runs along the surface of the land is carried to waterways. • Transpiration: Evaporation via Flora (plants, trees, grasses). • Groundwater: Water that has gathered in aquifers under ground through percolation/infiltration.

The World Ocean • Although the oceans all have individual names, Atlantic, Pacific, Indian, etc. , they are all actually a large, single, interconnected, body of water. – Largest=Pacific, next =Atlantic, smallest=Arctic.

The World Ocean

Hydrothermal Vents • Openings in the ocean floor where hot, mineral-rich water streams into the ocean. • Usually occurs where tectonic plates are separating and form deep fractures.

Hydrothermal Vents

Functions of the Oceans • Absorb and store energy from the sun light. – Regulates Earth’s temperatures. – Causes land areas near warm currents to have more moderate temperatures (ex: temp of Aruba is generally near 80ºF)

Fresh Water • 3% of the Earth’s water. • Mostly tied up in icecaps and glaciers. – Antarctic ice cap is as large as the U. S. and is 3 km thick. • Other fresh water found in lakes, rivers, wetlands, soil and rock layers.

The Biosphere-Life on Earth • Earth to biosphere ratios are comparable to an apple and its skin. – The biosphere is a very thin layer. • Factors to life on Earth: – Temperatures between 10 -40ºC. – Liquid water. – Energy source.

Energy Flow • Closed system: Energy is free to flow in and out but matter is not. – Dead organism becomes nutrient factor for the living. • Open system: Matter and energy are exchanged between the system and surrounding environment.

Biosphere 2