The Dreyfus Case 1894 Capt Alfred Dreyfus Emile

The Dreyfus Case, 1894 Capt. Alfred Dreyfus Emile Zola

Zionism Y GOALS: The spiritual and political renewal of the Jewish people in its ancestral homeland of Palestine. Y Freedom from Western anti-Semitism. Theodore Herzl 1860 -1904

First Zionist Conference, 1897 Y Herzl writes Der Judenstaat , or The Jewish State in 1896. Y Met in Basel, Switzerland. Y Creates the First Zionist Congress. Y Becomes an international Jewish organization. Y “Next Year in Jerusalem!”

The Main Players in WW 1 Allied Powers: Central Powers: Nicholas II [Rus] Wilhelm II [Ger] George V [Br] Victor Emmanuel II [It] Pres. Poincare [Fr] Enver Pasha [Turkey] Franz Josef [A-H]

The Ottoman Empire in WW 1

The Middle East in 1914

T. E. Lawrence [1888 -1935] “Lawrence of Arabia, ” The Legend Begins

Hussein-Mc. Mahon Letters, 1915. . Britain is prepared to recognize and uphold the independence of the Arabs in all regions lying within the frontiers proposed by the Sharif of Mecca. . Hussein ibn Ali, Sharif of Mecca

Sykes-Picot Agreement, 1916

The Arab Revolt: 1916 -1918

The Allied Advance Against the Ottoman Turks Br. General Edmund Allenby

The British & Arab Armies Meet British Forces Lawrence & Faisal’s Forces

British Promise to the Jews: Balfour Declaration, 1917 Sir Arthur James Balfour Br. Foreign Secretary His Majesty’s Government views with favor the establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people and will use their best endeavors to facilitate the achievement of this object, it being clearly understood that nothing shall be done which may prejudice the civil and religious rights of existing non-Jewish communities in Palestine…

THE LANDING AT GALLIPOLI APRIL 25 TH, 1915

WHERE IS GALLIPOLI? • Gallipoli is in Turkey. • The Gallipoli Peninsula lies at the entrance to the Dardenelle Straits. • It controls the entry into the Black Sea and Russia.

REASONS FOR THE CAMPAIGN üWar on the Eastern Front was going badly for the Russians. üIt was decided to help Russia out by attacking Turkey and taking control of the Dardenelle Straits. This would allow the British to get supplies to Russia. üDefeating Turkey would also weaken Germany.

THE PLAN • In March the British navy would force a way through the Straits of the Dardanelles. • A land attack was planned to destroy the Turkish guns that controlled the Dardenelle Straits. • The Anzacs would land at Gaba Tepe on the west coast and the British to land at Cape Helles on the peninsula.

WHAT WENT WRONG! • The Turks were well prepared for a sea and land attack. • The British fleet met heavy resistance. The Turks had laid minefields and placed artillery guns along the coast. • The Anzacs were landed two kilometres out of position. They faced steep cliffs and machine guns placed along the cliff tops.

THE LANDING • Landing at Anzac Cove, Gallipoli, 25 th April 1915.

On the beach at Gallipoli

ROLL CALL AT GALLIPOLI • This oil painting is called “Roll Call”. • After battle roll call would be heartbreaking. Name after name would be called, only to be met with silence.

Turkish Genocide Against the Armenians 1. 5 million: A Portent of Future Horrors to Come!

Turkish Genocide Against the Armenians Districts & Vilayets of Western Armenia in Turkey 1914 1922 Erzerum 215, 000 1, 500 Van 197, 000 500 Kharbert 204, 000 35, 000 Diarbekir 124, 000 3, 000 Bitlis 220, 000 56, 000 Sivas 225, 000 16, 800 Western Anatolia 371, 800 27, 000 Cilicia and Northern Syria 309, 000 70, 000 European Turkey 194, 000 163, 000 73, 390 15, 000 Other Armenian-populated Sites in Turkey Trapizond District Total: 2, 133, 190 387, 800

Prince Faisal at Versailles, 1918 Arab Disappointment!

The League of Nations Mandates

“New” Countries & Ruling Families Emerge! Z Prince Faisal “ruler” of Trans-Jordan. Z Prince Abdullah “ruler” of a newly-created Iraq [pasted together from three distinct geographic regions]. Z The House of Saud put on the throne of the newly-created Saudi Arabia. Z The Pahlavi Family put on the throne of a new Iran. Z Mustafa Kemal leads a military/nationalist movement in Turkey.

Treaty of Lausanne, 1923 Modern Turkey Is Born.

Mustafa Kemal “Atatürk” (1881 -1938)

Ataturk’s Reform Program Capital moved from Constantinople to Ankara. Secularism Qur’an in Turkish translation. Adoption of a republican constitution and a Swiss civil code. Westernization & nationalism: § Compulsory, secular education. § Banning the fez. § Western [Roman] script. § Western clothing. § Women unveiled & given full citizenship and the right to vote.

Oil Discovered in Mesopotamia! S First discovered on Masjid-I Suleiman in Persia in 1908. S Turkish-Petroleum Co. [TPC] founded in 1911 drill for oil in Mosul, Mesopotamia. S Britain signed a secret agreement with the sheikh of Kuwait who, while outwardly pledging allegiance to the Ottoman Sultan in Istanbul, promised exclusive oil rights to the British. S Kuwait became a British protectorate in November, 1914. S In 1927, oil was struck in Kirkuk, Iraq, and the Iraq Petroleum Co. [IPC] was created.

Oil Becomes the New International “Coin of the Realm!” S American oil companies [Texaco & Chevron], gain oil concessions in Bahrain in 1929. S In 1933, American oil companies win an oil concession in Saudi Arabia. S ARAMCO [Arab-American Oil Co, ] is created in 1939.

Rezah Khan (1877 -1944) S an Iranian officer, seized control of the govt. in 1921. S declared himself SHAH in 1925. S created the Pahlavi Dynasty. S ruled from 1925 -1941. S initiated some modern reforms. S forced to abdicate his throne by the Allied armies in 1941.

Reforms in Iran S Secularization seizure of religious lands. S Adoption of the French civil code. S Built the Trans-Iranian Railroad. S Improved education.

The Middle East Between the Wars

Essential Question: How did Britain’s actions in Palestine after 1918 lay the groundwork for the ongoing conflict between the Jews and the Arabs in the Middle East today?

Palestine Was Part of the Ottoman Empire

Jews & Arabs in Palestine, 1920 × In 1920, there was 1 Jew to every 10 Arabs in Palestine. × By 1947, the ratio was 2 Arabs for every Jew. The Arabs felt that they were loosing control of their “country!”

British Mandate in Palestine Created July, 1922

Jewish Settlements: The Kibbutz System Y First one founded in 1908. Y Communal living. Y “Make the Desert Bloom!”

1929 Arab Riots IZBAH AL-YAHUD! [“Slaughter All the Jews!”] Jewish Immigration 1919 1, 806 1931 4, 075 1920 8, 223 1932 12, 533 1921 8, 294 1933 37, 337 1922 8, 685 1934 45, 267 1923 8, 175 1935 66, 472 1924 13, 892 1936 29, 595 1925 34, 386 1937 10, 629 1926 13, 855 1938 14, 675 1927 3, 034 1939 31, 195 1928 2, 178 1940 10, 643 1929 5, 249 1941 4, 592 1930 4, 944

Palestine Arab Revolt: 1936 -1939 Their Goals: Z An end to Jewish immigration to Palestine. Z An end to the transfer of lands to Jewish owners. Z A new “general representative government. ” The Grand Mufti of Jerusalem, Haj Amin al-Hussani, with Adolf Hitler.

The Peel Commission Partition Plan, 1937

British White Paper of 1939 § Limited Jewish immigration to Palestine to 75, 000 over the next five years. § It ended Jewish land purchases. § Independence for Palestine within 10 years. § It is NOT British policy that Palestine become a Jewish state.

The “Arab Legion” of the British Army During WW 2

The “Jewish Brigade” of the British Army During WW 2

Hitler’s “Final Solution” The Jewish population in each country in 1942.

Nazi Concentration & Extermination Camps

The Nazi Holocaust N 6, 000, 00 Jews killed by the Nazis [1/2 in the concentration camps. ]

Aliyah Bet : Illegal Jewish Immigration

Aliyah Bet § Illegal Jewish immigration to Palestine. § The Exodus, 1947.

Palestine Population in 1946

British “Detention” Camps in Cyprus : 1946 -1948

Jewish “Freedom Fighters” (or “Terrorists”? ) Irgun Zvai Leumi [Natl. Military Org. ] Avraham Stern & The Stern Gang

U. N. Partition Plan of 1947

Israel Becomes a Nation: May 14, 1948 Chaim Weizmann, 1 st President David Ben-Gurion, 1 st Prime Minister

War Begins!: May 15, 1948

Arab Refugees, 1948 The Palestinian Diaspora begins!

Armistice Signed, 1949