The Direct Method Berlitz 1984 Target language only

The Direct Method (Berlitz 1984) ØTarget language only ØOral interaction ØSpontaneous use of language ØNo translation ØInductive grammar teaching ØVocabulary learning through pictures and objects

Q: What are the characteristics of Direct Method? (p. 21)

Community Language Teaching (Charles A. Curran) ØPsychological counseling techniques to learning ØOpen interpersonal communication and the role of supportive community was emphasized

The techniques of Community Language Learning Ø Tape recording student conversation Ø Transcription Ø Reflection on experience Ø Reflective listening Ø Human computer Ø Small group tasks

Ø Cooperation, not competition Ø Students feel in control, not the teacher Ø ‘counseling’, rather than teaching Ø Ss’ native language builds a bridge from the known to the unknown Ø The syllabus is generated primarily by the students Ø Teacher-student-centered

Suggestopedia (Desuggestopedia) Ø Brain power and inner capacities (Lozanov 1979) Ø Relaxation as a means of retaining new knowledge and material Ø To present vocabulary, readings, role-plays and drama with classical music in the background and students sitting in comfortable seats https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=3 rkrv. Rlty 5 M

§ Desuggestive learning “free, without a mildest pressure, liberation of previously suggested programs to restrict intelligence and spontaneous acquisition of knowledge, skills and habits. ” § To enhance learning by lowering the affective filter of learners § To activate the paraconscious part of the mind

Presentation A preparatory stage in which students are helped to relax and move into a positive frame of mind, with the feeling that the learning is going to be easy and fun. First Concert - "Active Concert" This involves the active presentation of the material to be learnt. For example, in a foreign language course there might be the dramatic reading of a piece of text, accompanied by classical music. Second Concert - "Passive Review" The students are now invited to relax and listen to some Baroque music, with the text being read very quietly in the background. The music is specially selected to bring the students into the optimum mental state for the effortless acquisition of the material. Practice The use of a range of games, puzzles, etc. to review and consolidate the learning.

The Silent Way It is in learners' best interests to develop independence and autonomy and cooperate with each other in solving language problems. The teacher is supposed to be silent (Gattegno 1972) http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=tvyoev. K-dh 0

ü Learning is facilitated if the learner discovers or creates rather than remembers and repeats what is to be learned ü Learning is facilitated by accompanying physical objects ü Learning is facilitated by problem solving involving the material to be learned (Gattegno, 1972)

ü Learning involves transferring what one knows to new contexts. ü Mistakes are used to enhance learning ü Cooperation among students is encouraged ü The teacher works with the students while the students work on the language ü Language is not learned by repeating after a model. Students need to develop their own ‘inner criteria’ for correctness. ü Silence is a tool. It helps to foster autonomy, or the exercise of initiative.