The diencephalon I Position n n Lies between

The diencephalon 间脑

I. Position n n Lies between midbrian and cerebrum大脑 almost entirely surrounded by cerebral hemisphere 大脑半球

II. Subdivision Doral thalamus Epithalamus 1. Dorsal thalamus 背侧丘脑 hypothalamic sulcus 2. Epithalamus 上丘脑 3. Hypothalamus 下丘脑 4. Metathalamus 后丘脑 5. Subthalamus 底丘脑: Hypothalamus

Metathalamus 后丘脑 Medial geniculate body 内侧膝状体 lateral geniculate body外侧膝状体

Subthalamus 底丘脑: transition zone between the thalamus and tegmentum of midbrain, contain subthalamic nucleus 底丘脑核,

Epithalamus 上丘脑: includes thalamic medullary stria 丘脑髓纹, habenular trigone 缰三角 , habenular Commissure 缰连合, pineal body 松果体 posterior commissure 后连合

Dorsal thalamus n A large egg-shaped nucleus mass. anterior thalamic tubercle 丘脑前结节, pulvinar 丘脑枕 n division anterior nuclei by internal medial nuclei medullary lateral nuclei lamina 内髓板

internal medullary lamina 内髓板 Med. nuclear group Dorsal nuclei Ant. nuclear group 丘脑前核 Pulvinar 枕 Ventral anterior nucleus 腹前核 Ventral lateral nucleus 腹外侧核 Ventral posterolateral nucleus 腹后外侧核 Ventral posteromedial nucleus 腹后内侧核 Ventral posterior nucleus 腹后核

Functional subdivision n According to the function, the thalamus may be divided into the three groups Nonspecific relay nuclei 非特异性中继核 Association nuclei 联络性核群 Special relay nuclei 特异性中继核

n Nonspecific relay nuclei 非特异性中继核 a) Midline nucleus group 中线核群 b) Intralaminar nuclear group 板内核群 c) Thalamic reticular nucleus丘脑网状核 Receive afferent fibers from rhinencephalon 嗅脑and reticular formation of brain stem, project mainly to cerebral cortex 大脑皮质. Intralaminar nuclei Midline nucleus group Thalamic reticular nucleus

Functional subdivision n. Association nuclei 联络性核群 a) Anterior nuclear group 丘脑前核 b) Medial nuclear group 内侧核群 c) Dorsal nuclei of lateral nuclear group 外侧核的背侧组 Med. nuclear group Dorsal nuclei Ant. nuclear group 丘脑前核

Special relay nuclei 特异性中继核 Ventral anterior nucleus 腹前核 Ventral lateral nucleus 腹外侧核 receiving the fibers from： dentate nucleus（齿状核） globus pallidus（苍白球） substantia nigra（黑质） motor cortex 运动区 Ventral anterior nucleus 腹前核 Ventral lateral nucleus腹外侧核

n n Ventral Posterior nucleus 腹后核 may be divided into Ventral Posteromedial nucleus 腹后内侧核: Ventral posterolateral nucleus 腹后外侧核 trigeminal lemniscus and teste fibers Cerebral cortex medial lemniscus spinal lemniscus send out fibers to the somatosensory area 躯体感觉中枢.

Metathalamus 后丘脑 Medial geniculate body (MGN) 内侧膝状体 Lateral geniculate body (LGN) 外侧膝状体 Receive fibers from optic tract 视束. Projects to visual area via optic radiation 视辐射. Inferior colliculus Optic tract optic radiation auditory area visual area

Hypothalamus 下丘脑 Position: lies ventral to thalamus Boundaries 1. Superiorly: hypothalamic sulcus 2. Inferiorly: optic chiasma, tuber cinereum灰结节, infundibulum 漏斗 mamillary body 乳头体 3. Anterior: lamina terminalis 终板 4. Posterior: continues with midbrain tegmentum

Hypothalamus 下丘脑 Subdivisions and important nuclei Preoptic region 视前区 Supraoptic region 视上区 a) Supraoptic nucleus 视上核: produce antidiuretic hormone 抗利尿激素 (ADH, or vasopression 加压素) b) Paraventricular nucleus室旁核: produce oxytocin催产素。 Tuberal region 结节区 Infundibular nucleus 漏斗核 Mamillary region 乳头体区 Mamillary nucleus 乳头体核

n. Connects with hypophysis 垂体 Paraventricular nucleus Supraoptic nucleus (vasopressin 加压素) Supraopticohypophyseal tract 视上垂体束 Paraventriculohypophyseal tract 室旁垂体束 (oxytocin 催产素) posterior lobe of hypophysis

n. Connects with hypophysis 垂体 Function Regulates the function of neuroendocrine system and autonomic nervous System. Tuberoinfundibular tract 结节漏斗束（其分泌物调节垂体前叶的分泌） Infundibular nucleus 漏斗核 Median eminence Portal v. anterior lobe Hypophyseal v.

Third ventricle 第三脑室 n. Position: a narrow cleft lies within diencephalon. n Communication 1. By the Interventricular foramen → lateral ventricle 侧脑室 2. by mesencephalic aqueduct → fourth ventricle mesencephalic aqueduct 中脑水管 Interventricular foramen室间孔

Lateral geniculate body Medial geniculate body Metathalamus

Paraventricular nucleus 室旁核 Paraventriculohypophyseal tract 室旁垂体束 Supraoptic nucleus 视上核 Supraopticohypophyseal trac 视上垂体束 tuberoinfundibular tract 结节漏斗束 anterior lobe of hypophsis Mamillary nucleus arcuate nucleus infundibulum posterior lobe of hypophysis

habenular trigone 缰三角 habenular Commissure 缰连合 Pineal body松果体

Hypothalamus --connection n Connects with limbic system 边缘系统 Connects with brainstem and spinal cord Connects with dorsal thalamus Connects with hypophysis 垂体 a) Supraoptic nucleus (vasopressin加压素) →supraopticohypophyseal trac →posterior lobe of hypophysis b) Paraventicular nucleus (oxytocin催产素) →paraventriculohypophyseal tract→posterior lobe of hypophysis c) Parvicellular neurons in the arcuate nucleus and nearby region of the walls of the third ventricle secrete releasing and inhibiting hormones → tuberoinfundibular tract →portal vein of hypophsis → anterior lobe of hypophsis n

Subdivision Principal Nuclei Common abbreviation Ant. nuclear group Med. nuclear group Lat. nuclear group Dorsal group Lateral dorsal LD Lateral posterior LP Pulvinar Ventral group Ventral anterior VA Ventral intermediate VI Ventral posterior VP Ventral posterolateral VPL Ventral posteromedial VPM

Third ventricle 第三脑室 n. Position: a narrow cleft lies within diencephalon. Boundaries Roof: choroids plexus 脉络丛 Floor: from ant. To post. optic chiasma 视交叉, tuber cinereum灰结节, infundibulum漏斗 mamillary body乳头体。 Anterior: lamina terminalis 终板 Posterior: continuous with mesencephalic aqueduct Lateral wall: dorsal thalamus and hypothalamus Interventricular foramen