The development of vaccinations began when Edward Jenner

The development of vaccinations began when Edward Jenner noticed that ____. 1. rats were always present when people contracted bubonic plague people who had earlier exposure to cowpox did not develop smallpox people who drank water from a particular public water pump developed cholera bacteria removed from a sick animal would cause the same illness if injected into a healthy animal 2. 3. 4. 1 2 3

An antigen is ____. 1. any molecule that the body recognizes as foreign the DNA or RNA of an infective pathogen an alternate term for an MHC complex the collection of circulating proteins which kill or tag microbes 2. 3. 4. 1 2 3

Nonspecific immunity includes ____. 1. the skin and epithelial linings like those in the lung 2. macrophages 3. lymphocytes and neutrophils 4. the liver and spleen 1 2 3

Not commonly considered to be helpful, ____ is a defensive response that ____. 1. 2. all of the choices sneezing, expels irritants from the nasal cavity mucous, traps microbes in a sticky fluid diarrhea, flushes microbes from the intestines 3. 4. 1 2 3

Memory cells play a vital immune role ____. 1. when you are first exposed to a pathogen when you are exposed to a disease for the second time in non-specific immunity in the primary immune response 2. 3. 4. 1 2 3

B cells are primarily activated by the activities of ____. 1. antigen and complement 2. plasma cells 3. helper T cells 4. macrophages 1 2 3

The relationship between antigen and antibody is most like ____. 1. a battery and a flashlight 2. a hand a glove 3. a hammer and a nail 4. a left foot and a right foot 1 2 3

Cytotoxic T cells protect the body by ____. 1. making antibodies that float free in the body fluids activating the complement system secreting toxic substances that destroy pathogens phagocytizing invaders 2. 3. 4. 1 2 3

What is the value of lymph passing through the lymph nodes? 1. nodes store millions of B cells and can release them in an emergency macrophages examine the lymph for the presence of foreign objects like bacteria nodes produce most of the circulating white blood cells nodes pump lymph to keep it moving 2. 3. 4. 1 2 3

Your cells have a unique MHC (major histocompatibility complex). Directions for producing MHCs come from ____. 1. 2. 3. 4. 1 the thymus the bone marrow inherited DNA the helper T-cells 2 3

How is inflammation helpful? 1. 2. it inhibits bacterial growth it limits mobility and facilitates rest of an injured structure it improves the availability of nutrients to improve the repair process all of the choices 3. 4. 1 2 3

Over time, antigen receptor diversity within a population ____. 1. decreases because less fit individuals die and their genes are removed from the gene pool increases because the elements that form the receptor genes spontaneously rearrange decreases because receptor patterns that are not used are selected against increases because each new generation is born of parents that survived childhood diseases 2. 3. 4. 1 2 3

Which of the following develops after the primary immune response? 1. complement proteins 2. macrophages 3. memory cells 4. antigens 1 2 3

Activated complement brings about the death of a microbe when it ____. 1. organizes into a membrane pore and causes lysis of the cell activates a chemotaxic response in certain phagocytic cells mediates interactions between immune cells all of the choices 2. 3. 4. 1 2 3

There are many types of immune system cells. The cell that produces antibodies is the ____. 1. 2. 3. 4. 1 macrophage phagocyte T lymphocyte B lymphocyte 2 3

Which of the following provides long-term immunity? 1. 2. 3. 4. 1 memory cells cytotoxic T cells antigens complement proteins 2 3

In gene therapy ____. 1. vaccines modify the genes to produce more efficient antibodies the receptors that microbes use to locate target cells are modified a virus is used to insert a functional gene into a patient's DNA injections of antibodies modify the genes of pathogenic microbes 2. 3. 4. 1 2 3

During antigen presentation, MHCs are used to ____. 1. help various immune cells bind to one another form presentation complexes with antigenic fragments of the pathogen facilitate the exchange of costimulatory signals between immune cells all of the choices 2. 3. 4. 1 2 3

The antigen binding site of an antibody is formed from the ____. 1. constant regions of the heavy and light chain constant regions of two light chains variable regions of the heavy and light chain variable regions of two heavy chains 2. 3. 4. 1 2 3

The enzymes present within the AIDS virus ____. 1. dissolve the membrane of the target cell to facilitate entry build proteins that will assemble into new AIDS viruses build DNA from RNA, a process called reverse transcription break down sugars to produce ATP needed for viral replication 2. 3. 4. 1 2 3