The DemocraticRepublican Era 1800 1825 Jefferson Madison Monroe

The Democratic-Republican Era 1800 -1825 Jefferson, Madison, Monroe rd th th Our 3 , 4 , and 5 Thomas Jefferson (1801 -1809) James Madison (1809 -1817) Presidents James Monroe (1817 -1825)

Presidential Election of 1800 � In the election of 1800 two political parties ran against each other: ◦ Federalists: John Adams & Charles Pinckney ◦ Democratic-Republicans: Thomas Jefferson & Aaron Burr � Jefferson and Burr won but were tied with 73 electoral votes each. In the case of a tie, the House of Reps decides the winner. � Alexander Hamilton encouraged members of the House to vote against Burr. As a result, Jefferson won, Burr was Vice-President. � Shortly after this election, the 12 th amendment required that president and vice-president run on the same party ballots. � Aaron Burr believed that Hamilton cost him his victory.

Jefferson the President: � Soon after becoming President, Jefferson drastically reduced the power and size of the government. He believed in a laissez-faire style of government (let the people do as they choose) because he strongly believed that ordinary people could govern themselves. � He felt the nation should be made up of small, independent farmers and that the economy should be based on agriculture. Advantages? Disadvantages? � Under Jefferson, the government ended the unpopular Alien & Sedition Acts. � Jefferson also reduced the federal debt by cutting the army by 1/3 and the navy from 25 to 7 ships as well as repealed Hamilton’s tax on whiskey.

Judicial Review: Marbury v. Madison With the Judiciary Act of 1801, Adams, during his last days as President, appointed many Federalist judges, including John Marshall as the new chief justice of the Supreme Court, to oppose Jefferson’s policies. One of Adams’ Federalist judges was William Marbury but his commission was not delivered on time and was denied by Jefferson’s Sec of State, James Madison. Marbury sued based on the Judiciary Act of 1789 and took his case all the way to the Supreme Court. In the 1803 case of Marbury v. Madison, John Marshall ruled that the Congress had overstepped its authority with the Judiciary Act of 1789 by giving the judicial branch powers that the Constitution did not give it. Therefore, the Judiciary Act of 1789 was unconstitutional. With this ruling, Marshall increased the power of the Supreme Court and the federal government when he established the three principles of judicial review: The U. S. Constitution is the supreme law of the land In conflicts with any other laws, the Constitution wins The job of the Judicial Branch is to uphold the Constitution and only they can determine if a law is constitutional or not.

1803 - The Louisiana Purchase and 1803 Westward Expansion During the early 1800 s, many settlers loaded everything they had into Conestoga wagons (especially their rifles and axes) and headed west of the Appalachian Mountains. For these settlers, the Mississippi River and New Orleans were vital for shipping goods. In 1802, Spain again denied Americans access to these resources. In a secret agreement, Spain gave the Louisiana Territory back to France and their new leader: Napoleon, who was trying to establish an empire in Europe. Thomas Jefferson was worried about Napoleon’s plans in North America and sent representatives to France to offer $10 million for New Orleans. Napoleon countered with $15 million for all of the Louisiana Territory. This offer was too good to pass up. Jefferson wasn’t sure that the Constitution gave him the authority to purchase land from other countries but decided that the elastic clause allowed for it. In 1803, the Louisiana Purchase was done and it immediately doubled the size of the U. S.

Lewis and Clark Jefferson wanted to know more about the Louisiana Territory so in 1804 he assigned Meriwether Lewis and William Clark to explore the new land. They were later joined by a Shoshone woman named Sacagawea. The expedition left from St. Louis with these goals: Find a water route that stretched across the continent Establish good relations with Native Americans Describe the plants, animals, and landscape they saw After over two years, Lewis and Clark returned from their journey with very valuable information and specimens gathered on the expedition. Many American settlers were eager to move west.

Not a Bowl of Cherries Zebulon Pike was sent to explore the Southern half of the Louisiana Purchase. Pikes Peak in Colorado is named after him. On his way back through the Great Plains, he described the area as a useless desert. He will be proved wrong. Some Massachusetts Federalists disagreed with the LA Purchase and threatened to secede. Wanting NY to join them, they supported Aaron Burr in the NY governor’s election Hamilton openly spoke out against Burr and convinced many to not vote for him. When Burr lost his bid for NY governor, he blamed Hamilton. Burr had enough of Hamilton and challenged him to a duel in 1804 where he shot and killed Hamilton.

Some good… some bad �There were three long-lasting effects of Lewis & Clark and Pike’s exploration: 1. Accurate Maps: Lewis & Clark created more accurate maps that helped settlers move west. 2. Growth of the Fur Trade: Boosted interest. Hunters and trappers added to knowledge. 3. Mistaken View of the Great Plains: Pike reported to Jefferson that because there were no trees, it was a desert and useless to farmers.

Will problems with Britain ever end? Jefferson easily won re-election in 1804. The country was doing well. But trade required free sailing. When Britain and France again went to war in 1803, they soon lost patience with American neutrality. They began to stop and search American ships. Britain desperately needed sailors for its navy and began kidnapping sailors from American ships. Some of the sailors they took were deserters, but most of them were American citizens. This was called impressment. British ships attacked an American ship named the Chesapeake after the captain refused to allow them to search his ship. The British killed three sailors and wounded 18.

th James Madison: our 4 President Americans were outraged with Britain. They urged Jefferson to declare war. Jefferson decided to fight back not with war but with trade instead. He passed the Embargo Act of 1807. This banned imports and exports to and from ALL foreign countries. Jefferson hoped this would hurt Britain financially. The results were disastrous. Britain traded with other countries, yet the American economy was destroyed. This law made Jefferson so unpopular that he decided to leave office after two terms. In the Election of 1808, James Madison was elected our 4 th President. Americans were still angry but they didn’t know who to go to war against: Britain or France? Great Britain will make that decision clear for many Americans.

Trouble with Native Americans � There were new problems with Native Americans in the west. The British began to encourage Natives to attack any U. S. fort west of the Appalachians. � Tecumseh (Shawnee chief) tried to build a Native American confederacy hoping to halt white movement onto Native American lands. � His brother, the Prophet, encouraged Native Americans to go back to their ways- not the ways of the white man. “The way, the. Henry only way. Harrison, to stop this evil is for the of red Indiana, man to � William governor was alarmed unite in claiming a common and equal right in the. Americans. land, as it over the growing power of Native He threatened was first, and should now, for it was never divided. We Tecumseh withbeforce. gave them Tecumseh forest-clad mountains and valleys full of game, � While was away, Harrison attacked the large and in return what did they giveon ourthe warriors and our Shawnee settlement Tippecanoe River, killing the women? Rum, intrinkets, and a grave. ” Prophet the Battle of Tippecanoe. This attack forced Tecumseh to form an alliance with the British.

Off to War Congressmen known as War Hawks demanded war with Britain. Their nationalism created renewed patriotism. Prominent War Hawks were Henry Clay- KY, John C. Calhoun - S. C. , and Andrew Jackson-TN. The War Hawks encouraged military spending and Congress quadrupled the size of the army. Madison decided war with Britain was inevitable. The US declared war against Britain in June of 1812. The War of 1812 had begun. This was the second (and last) time the U. S. and Britain go to war against each other. Some have called this war the second part of the American Revolution. Americans were not prepared for war with Britain: 1) 2) 3) 4) The regular army was less than 7, 000 Many northern states opposed the war The experienced officers from the Revolutionary War were too old Americans underestimated the strength of the British.

The War of 1812 Americans wanted to take over Canada, but they had no chance as long as Britain controlled Lake Erie. Oliver H. Perry becomes an American naval hero after he defeats the British navy at the Battle of Lake Erie. William Henry Harrison attacked native Americans in Detroit at the Battle of Thames. Tecumseh was killed in this battle. The hope of a Native American confederation died with him. Even though the U. S. navy had been reduced, it still boasted three of the fastest frigates afloat. The U. S. S. Constitution (also known as “Old Ironsides”) sank two British ships. American “privateers” also captured many British vessels. In 1814 Andrew Jackson attacked the Creek Indians at the battle of Horseshoe Bend. He killed 500 of them and broke their resistance.

The End is Near After defeating Napoleon and the French in 1814, the British were able to focus on the war in America. They sailed up the Chesapeake Bay and captured Washington D. C. The British burned down the Capitol and the White House and marched toward Baltimore, Maryland. Baltimore and Fort Mc. Henry were heavily defended. The British bombarded Fort Mc. Henry. Francis Scott Key watched this bombardment from a British ship. After the battle, he wrote the poem, “The Star Spangled Banner, ” which later became our national anthem.

Treaties and Effects After suffering several humiliating defeats, the British realized that the war was too costly and unnecessary to pursue. The Treaty of Ghent was signed in Belgium in 1814, ending the War of 1812. In the Treaty of Ghent: 1. no land changed hands, and 2. there was no clear winner (a tie). After the treaty was signed, Andrew Jackson fought the Battle of New Orleans where he defeated the British, killing hundreds and saving the city from the British. Because of this battle, Andrew Jackson became a war hero. After the War of 1812: 1. Americans gained a new respect from foreign nations. 2. Americans also developed patriotism and stronger national identity. 3. American manufacturing greatly increased, paving the way for the American Industrial Revolution.

th James Monroe: our 5 (1817 -1825) President After the War of 1812, James Madison decided not to run for a third term. In the Election of 1816, the Federalist Party ran Rufus King for President but knew well that they stood no chance against the Democratic-Republican candidate, James Monroe. In the end, Monroe won 16 out of 19 states to become our 5 th President The time period during Monroe’s Presidency will become known as “The Era of Good Feelings”, a period in American history when patriotism and nationalism were very high, political differences disappeared, the federal government was strengthened, manufacturing was up, the economy was good, and internal improvements were being made.

Florida enters the U. S. Issues with Spanish-held Florida had existed for years. Many slaves belonging to American farmers in the south had run away Terms of the Adams-Onis Treaty of 1819: to Florida as well as Native American tribes living in there had crossed into U. S. territory to attack American towns. 1. Spain ceded all of Florida to theto. United States for to Monroe sent General Andrew Jackson the Florida border five dollars. try to million stop these two issues. Jackson instead to invade Florida and bring the attack 2. Spain gave decides up all claims in the Oregon Territory directly thegave Natives as well as round up as many runaway 3. Theon U. S. up any claims to territory in Texas slaves as he could find. He quickly defeats any opposition and reaches central Florida within weeks. Spain demands that the U. S. remove Jackson from its territory or risk war. In reality, Spain feared Jackson and the U. S Army. The U. S. offers to buy Florida from Spain for 5 million dollars, Spain agrees in the Adams-Onis Treaty of 1819. Jackson is made the first governor of the Florida Territory.

The Missouri Compromise of 1820 In 1819, Missouri was ready to enter the Union as a slave state, but Northern states were opposed because it would give the South an advantage in the Senate. Southerners opposed any antislavery efforts or interference by the North. After many arguments, Henry Clay, Senator from Kentucky, came up with the Missouri Compromise: 1. Missouri would enter as a slave state. 2. Maine would enter as a free state 3. Slavery would be prohibited in the Louisiana Territory north of the 36’ 30 N line of latitude.

The Monroe Doctrine-1823 In 1821, Mexico won its independence from Spain. Soon afterwards, numerous other Spanish colonies, such as Venezuela and Columbia, fight for and win their own revolutions against Spain. The king of Spain invites several European nations to join him in a massive invasion of central and south America to regain its lost colonies. The U. S. learns of this plan and doesn’t like it. After securing the help of Britain, U. S. Sec. of State, John Q. Adams, and President Monroe announce the Monroe Doctrine in 1823. This statement declared the following: no European nation would be allowed to enter the western hemisphere for further colonization purposes or to regain lost colonies.

The Good Feelings end With their success in the War of 1812 and the industrial revolution already started, the United States was ready to move forward. Henry Clay, Senator from Kentucky, came up with the “American System”, a plan to advance the United States through internal improvements such as: -improved transportation methods (canals, highways, and railroads) -more protective tariffs on imported goods -more national banks Many Southerners resented this plan because very few of the improvements were going to the south. They accused the Western and Northern states of teaming up against them. Sectionalism (having loyalty to your own territory, or section, rather than to the country as a whole) truly starts to take root.