The Dangers and Benefits of Volcanoes video 9

The Dangers and Benefits of Volcanoes video 9. 16 A volcano is a weak spot in the crust where molten material, or magma, comes 
to the surface. The landforms that we call 
volcanoes are created by repeated 
eruptions of lava.

Magma is the 
molten mixture of 
rock-forming 
substances, gases, 
and water that 
makes up part of 
Earth's mantle. video Most volcanoes occur along diverging 
plate boundaries, such as the midocean 
ridge, or in subduction zones around the 
edges of oceans.

When magma 
reaches the 
surface, it is called lava. 
 After lava has cooled, it forms 
solid rock. The lava 
released during 
volcanic activity 
builds up Earth's 
surface. Volcanic 
activity is a 
constructive force 
that adds new rock 
to existing land 
forms new islands. video

Volcanic Eruptions During volcanic eruptions, many rock 
fragments are blown into the air. The smallest 
particles are called volcanic dust. (less than 0. 25 mm) Volcanic Ash ( 0. 25 -5 mm) falls to the Earth 
and forms small rocks. Volcanic bombs (a few cm to several meters) 
are molten and harden as they travel through 
the air.

Parts of a Volcano pipe - a long tube in the ground that connects the 
 agma chamber to Earth's surface crust - the crust is Earth's outermost, rocky layer. lava - lava is molten rock; it usually comes out of 
 rupting volcanoes. magma chamber - a magma chamber contains 
 agma (molten rock) deep within the Earth's crust. vent - a vent is an opening in the Earth's surface 
 hrough which volcanic materials erupt. caldera - the depression created when the roof of a 
 agma chamber collapses. Subduction, Magma Chambers Volcanic Mountains 5. 46

Label a Volcano ash vent lava pipe crust magma 
chamber

Parts of a Volcano ash side vent lava pipe crust magma chamber Magma Inside the Earth 4. 45

Types of Volcanoes Different types of volcanic eruptions form 
different types of volcanoes.  inder cones  hield volcanoes  omposite volcanoes

Types of Volcanoes Tall, cone-shaped 
mountains that are 
typically steeply-sided, 
symmetrical volcanoes in 
which layers of lava 
alternate with layers of 
ash. Examples of composite 
volcanoes include Mount 
Fuji in Japan and Mount 
St. Helens Washington 
state. video Composite

Composite

Mt. Vesuvius

Mount Vesuvius Images of 
victims in 
eruption of 
Vesuvius in 
 79 AD. Most 
died as a 
result of 
suffocation 
from the ash. video

Types of Volcanoes Cinder Cone Cinder cone volcanoes 
are the most common kind 
of volcanoes. They are 
steep sided cones. 
Streaming gases carry 
liquid lava blobs into the 
atmosphere that fall backto earth around a single 
vent to form the cone. The 
volcano forms when ash, 
cinders and bombs pile up 
around the vent to form a 
circular or oval cone. video

Cinder Cone

Types of Volcanoes At some places on 
Earth's surface, thin 
layers of lava pour out of 
a vent and harden on 
top of previous layers. 
Such lava flows 
gradually build a wide, 
gently sloping mountain 
called ashield volcano. Shield volcanoes rising 
from a hot spot on the 
ocean floor created the 
Hawaiian Islands. video Shield Volcano

Shield

Crater/Caldera There is often a funnel-shaped pit or 
depression at the top of a volcani cone. 
This pit is called crater. a If the crater becomes very large as a result of the 
collapse of its walls, it is called caldera. a 
A caldera may also form when the top of a volcano explodes or when 
the magma chamber collapses.

Volcanic Crater

Caldera

Volcanic Activity Volcanoes are rather unpredictable. Some erupt 
regularly, others have not erupted modern history. 
Scientists classify them as active, dormant or 
extinct.

Active Volcanoes An active volcano is one that 
erupts continually or periodically 
such as Mount Katmai in Alaska 
and Mount St Helens in the 
Cascade Range. active = constant

Dormant Volcano A volcano that has been known 
to erupt within modern time but 
is now inactive is classified as a 
dormant volcano. Mount Rainier in 
Washington state is an example of 
a dormant volcano in the United 
States. dormant = sleeping

Extinct Volcano A volcano not known to have erupted within 
modern history is classified as an extinct 
volcano. They have been worn away almost to 
the level of their mag chamber. Mount St. 
Helens was considered to be dormant but 
erupted after long periods of inactivity 
which proves that scientists can be wrong 
about a volcano. extinct = never

Where are the Volcanoes? Count the 
total 
amount of 
active 
volcanoes.

The Ring of Fire Most volcanoes 
occur along 
diverging plate 
boundaries, such 
as the mid-ocean 
ridge, or in 
subduction zones 
around the edges 
of oceans. video

Hawaii A hot spot is an area where magma from deep within the mantle melts through the crust like a blow torch. Hot spots often lie in the middle of 
continental or oceanic plates far from any plate boundaries. 
Unlike the volcanoes in an island arc, 
the volcanoes at a hot spot do not 
result from subduction. video

References Plate map and labeling diagram: World Book Encyclopedia Volcanoes Interfact Animated Volcano: http: //www. nsa. naples. navy. mil/disasterprep/art/volcano 2. gif Types of Volcano images: 
http: //dknet. lineone. net/reference/encyclopaedia/hutchinson/images/c 02745. jpg Total active volcanoes: 
http: //volcano. und. edu/vwdocs/frequent_questions/grp 8/question 63. html NA total: http: //www. pbs. org/wnet/savageearth/volcanoes/html/sidebar 1. html Ring of Fire total: 
http: //volcano. und. nodak. edu/vwdocs/frequent_questions/grp 8/question 4361. html Country totals: 
http: //volcano. und. nodak. edu/vwdocs/kids/volcano_project/world. html SA Total: http: //www. hrw. com/science/si-
science/earth/tectonics/volcano/region 15/index. html Ring of Fire Image: 
http: //www. eia. doe. gov/kids/energyfacts/sources/renewable/images/RINGOFFIRE 1. gif Hawaii image: biology. usgs. gov/. . . / Pacific. Island. PIERC. htm

Attachments The_Dangers_and_Benefits_of_Volcanoes video 9. 16. asx Volcanoes_and_Lava video 2. 10. asx Yellowstone_Crater__Supervolcano. asf Subduction__Magma_Chambers__and_the_Eruption_of_Volcanoes. asf Volcanic_Mountains 5. 46. asx Magma_Inside_the_Earth 4. 45. asx Deadly_Eruptions video 6. 49. asx Mount_Vesuvius_and_Pompeii video 5. 12. asx Volcanoes 5. 31. asx Lava_Junkies 5. 42. asx The_Fire_Goddess 12. 46. asx