The Crusades Trouble starts in the Arab world

The Crusades

• Trouble starts in the Arab world when Seljuk Turks start to take land from the Byzantine empire. • Byzantine empire calls the powers of Europe for help and the pope in Rome answers. • Pope Urban II calls the Council of Clermont in 1095 A. D. – Pope and 300 clerics of the church discuss the problems of the church and the solutions to it. • Decided to call of Christendom to reclaim the holy land slaughter the infidels. • Those who went on crusade were promised forgiveness and promised entry into heaven. * Killing their way into Heaven First Crusade 1096 -1099 A. D. • German, French and Italian armies assemble at Constantinople and march from there to Holy Land. • Swept through Asia Minor and conquered Antioch and Jerusalem. Slaughtered roughly 30, 000 Muslims and Jews in Jerusalem • 3 crusader states are established. County of Edessa, Principality of Antioch and kingdom of Jerusalem. * Returning crusaders ravage much of Eastern Europe

2 nd and 3 rd *Jihad= Struggle/war for God Second Crusade 1147 – 1149 A. D. • After the County of Edessa falls kings of Germany and France lead another crusade. • English shipwreck off of Portuguese coast and conquer it from the Moors. • Crusaders fail to recapture Damascus and lose Jerusalem in 1187 A. D. to the Egyptian king Saladin after Saladin declares Jihad. *An-Nasir Salah ad-Din Yusuf ibn Ayyub Third Crusade 1189 – 1192 A. D. • To retake and hold Jerusalem, 3 rd crusade is led by Frederick Barbarossa (Holy Roman Empire), Phillip II (France), and Richard the Lionheart (England). • Phillip and Richard siege and take city of Acre in 1191. • Frederick Barbarossa dies en-route to Holy Land in Anatolia, drowning in a river. • Richard defeats Saladin twice but realizes that he cannot hold Jerusalem and so he establishes a truce with Saladin. - Remaining Christian cities are unharmed - All religious pilgrims are allowed in Jerusalem - Richard must leave with all troops.

4 th • Crusaders plan to lead a 30, 000 man army through Egypt. • Arrive in Venice but not enough money to buy a fleet. • Venetians promise transport for destroying Constantinople. Crusaders take Constantinople but don’t have men or energy for a crusade and head home. • Last major Crusade and was a colossal failure Impact of Crusades • Crusaders bring back knowledge of middle eastern mathematics, astronomy, etc. Massive trade routes opened and expanded on the Mediterranean • Now the relationship between Christianity and Islam has been written and solidified in blood.