The Crusades Muslims vs Christians 1095 1291 Map

The Crusades Muslims vs. Christians 1095 – 1291 Map

Major Crusades

What were the Crusades? • Religious wars between Muslims and Christians fought for control of the Holy land (Jerusalem)

• Pope Urban Calls for a “Holy" crusade against the Muslims

Why did Pope Urban II call for a Crusade in 1095 (what did he hope to gain) • To unite European Christians in a common cause, and heal the Great Schism. • To return the Holy Land (Jerusalem) to Christian control · Drive Turks (Muslims) from Anatolia (Turkey) and away from the Byzantine Empire · Increase the power of the Church, at the expense of regional kings.

Crusaders Uniforms • All Christian Crusaders wore a Cross on their chest!

Why did people go on Crusades? • Religious convictions – Christians viewed the Holy Lands as rightfully theirs. – The kings and nobles saw the opportunity for glory at home and wanted land in the Middle East. • The Church offered “remission” of your sins! • The lower classes: - church will pay your taxes – avoid jail by going – Plunder (steal or loot) for personal gain.

Council of Clermont, 1095 “If any one through devotion alone, and not for the sake of honor or gain, goes to Jerusalem to free the church of God, the journey itself shall take the place of all penance. “

Results of the Crusades? • Christians re-take Jerusalem after the 1 st crusade • Muslims take it back in the 2 nd Crusade • During the 3 rd Crusade the Muslim general Saladin and the Christian General Richard the Lion. Hearted agree to a compromise: – Muslims keep control of Jerusalem (Holy land), but Christians are allowed to come for religious purposes

Social, Economic, and Political Changes • Improved status of women (worked while men were gone) • Feudalism declined • The power of individual kings increased. • Cultures mixed (Arab and Christian) and changed= Cultural Diffusion • New products were introduced into Europe and the Middle East. • Trade increased

Effects= End of Feudalism • Weakened Serfdom – Serfs gained their freedom on the crusades and while their masters were away or killed, they left the manor and moved into new towns – Helps usher in “Commercial Revolution” in Western Europe -Growth of learning= Rise of Universities Long-Term Effect: Created distrust between Christians and Muslims that still exists today.

Upheaval in the East · End of Byzantine Empire in 1453, at the hands of the Ottoman’s (Muslim Turks). · Constantinople renamed Istanbul. · Establishment of Ottoman Empire from Greece to Persia