The Crusades Causes 1 Seljuk desecration of Christian

The Crusades

Causes: 1. Seljuk desecration of Christian holy sites 2. Harassment of pilgrims 3. Turkish threat to the Byzantine Empire Leaders: † Godfrey of Bouillon † Baldwin of Edessa † Raymond of Toulouse THE FIRST CRUSADE Results: 1. Defeat of the Seljuk Turks 2. Establishment of the Latin Kingdoms of Jerusalem, Edessa, Antioch and Tripoli The Latin Kingdoms

Leaders: † Raymond of Tripoli † Louis VII and Eleanor of France † Conrad of Germany † Abbot Bernard of Clairvaux Cause: • The loss of the Latin Kingdom of Edessa to the Saracens under the leadership of Nur ad-Din THE SECOND CRUSADE Results: § Louis decided to attack Damascus, an ally of the Christians rather than Edessa. The attack was a disaster and caused Muslim leaders who had been allied with the Latin Kingdoms to change their alliance. § The Crusade was a disaster and a complete failure

Leaders: † Guy de Lusignan † Balian of Ibelin Causes: • Unification of the Saracen states under Saladin • Lack of unity in Jerusalem after death of Baldwin IV THE FALL OF JERUSALEM Results: § Battle of Hattin – Crusader forces are massacred by Saladin’s army § Loss of Jerusalem and most of the Latin Kingdoms except a few cities along the coast

Leaders: † Richard I “Lion Heart” † Philip Augustus Cause: • The loss of Jerusalem to Saladin ten years earlier THE THIRD CRUSADE Results: § Reconquest of coastal cities; but Jerusalem is still in Muslim control § Treaty with Saladin allows Christian pilgrims to return to Jerusalem

Leaders: † Venetian princes Cause: • As always after the fall of Jerusalem – to get it back • Civil war on Byzantine Empire causes crusader army to get involved in it rather than go on to Egypt as planned THE FOURTH CRUSADE Results: § Crusaders conquer Constantinople and put a “puppet” king on the throne § City is sacked – including many churches and monasteries § Western Christianity is imposed § LEADS TO MAKING THE SPLIT BETWEEN THE EASTERN AND WESTERN CHURCHES PERMANENT