The Crime Scene 2 Old Crime Clip 1
- Slides: 44
The Crime Scene (2) • Old Crime
Clip 1 Clip 2
What Is A Crime Scene? • A dynamic environment which begins to change immediately after the criminal action occurs • The longer the interval between the crime and the investigation, the less the scene resembles the original
Crime Scene • The investigator becomes part of the crime scene – processing the scene will alter it – alterations can be minimal or major – alterations can be deliberate or unconscious
Crime Scene Don'ts • No Eating • No Drinking • No Smoking
Who is at the Scene? • The Detective – law enforcement representative – usually in charge of the crime scene – takes notes • The Criminalist or Evidence Technician (Various specialties) – collects evidence • The Photographer – documents the scene before anything is removed – may use both still photography & video
Who is at the Scene? • Latent Print Analyst – looks for both visible and invisible (latent) fingerprints • Firearms Expert – may be called if a firearm is believed to have been discharged – Collects and examines bullets, shells, casings, wads • Bloodstain Pattern Expert – measures & documents patterns at scene – takes photos for later study
Who is at the Scene? • Coroner/Medical Examiner – declares a body to be dead – transports body to morgue for autopsy & evidence collection – medical examiner • holds a medical degree • appointed to position – coroner • need not have a medical degree • often an elected office
Crime Scene Processing 1. Establish Legality of Search- Warrants!!!!! – 4 th , 5 th, 6 th, 14 th Amendment Protections 2. Secure/Isolate Scene while giving medical assistance – Encounter Site – Attack Site – Victim Dump Site – Vehicle Disposal Site 3. Search Scene and Define its Borders
Crime Scene Searches n Lockerbie Bombing n 35 S. U. students killed by terrorist bomb on Dec. 1988 (Pan Am Flight 103). n Crime Scene spread over 845 sq. miles of Scotland.
Search Patterns Spiral Zone Line Grid
What Search Type?
Buried Sites Follow Archeology Protocols
Levels of Search • Phase 1 – Examine scene with EYES ONLY – Mark potential evidence – Photograph – Draw – Take Notes – Measure distances of evidence from fixed points
Evidence Team n Personnel Duties and Responsibilities n Sketch Preparer n Diagram area of scene (incl. orientation) n Rough sketch - accurate dimensions, orientation and location of evidence (from a fixed point) n Finished sketch - aesthetic appearance (usually done later sometime w/ CAD) n Set forth major items of evidence on sketch (with scale) n Make measurements (double check)
Crime Scene Sketch
Evidence Team n Personnel Duties and Responsibilities n Sketch Preparer Finished Sketches
Evidence Team • Personnel Duties and Responsibilities – Photographer and Photographic Log Recorder • Photograph entire scene (before and after entered) • Photograph victim, crowd, vehicles • Photograph evidence before it’s moved (including fingerprints, casts, etc. ) • Photograph evidence both in wide view (position at scene) and close-up (with scale) • Possible use of video recording (does not replace still photography • Prepare photographic log
Capture Crime Scene
Wide angle lenses are used to distort the truth or emphasis it
Details preserved
3 D Laser Scanning
Documentation is Key! 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Description of item Location in crime scene from which collected Case number Date & time collected Signature or initials of collector
Crime Scene Processing • Phase 2 – Collect and store evidence appropriately – Also collect control samples Body Bag Paper bags Pill bottles Empty Paint Cans Swabs Tweezers+Tools Manila envelopes Vacuum
Packaging Evidence • Prevents any change after collection • Proper identification • Prevents cross contamination (separate packaging) • Preserved intact (e. g. , blood on clothes) • Crime scene safety
What determines the type and manner of collecting and preserving physical evidence? • The nature of the evidence
Crime Scene Processing • Large areas many be sawed out and transported • Cars removed to lab garage
Crime Scene Search • Phase 3 (most intrusive) – Open drawers – Turn over items in scene – Look in clothes – Develop latent prints – Spray Luminol – Remove carpet and wall sections
On Site Analysis • Visible prints on immovable objects will be photographed • Latent prints (invisible) will be dusted or fumed for visualization – lifted – Photographed • Presumptive Tests – blood – semen – hydrocarbons (arson)
On Site Analysis • Bullet trajectory – best established at crime scene – direct measurement of distances between holes – investigator can stand in the 3 -D space to get sense of relationship of the holes to one another • Bloodstain pattern – measurements of pattern help establish the direction & angle of impact – standing in 3 -D space gives useful impression of how the pattern was created
Chain of Custody Validates authenticity, validity, integrity of evidence
Non-biological Impurities – storing improperly sealed volatiles in the same physical space • cross-contamination – crime scene investigator tracking soil from outside a crime scene into crime scene or from one scene to another
Non-biological Impurities – chemicals which also react in a test • paraffin test for nitrate residue on hands (firearm discharge) – tobacco & fertilizer give positive tests
Non-biological Impurities – chemicals may be introduced in an attempt to locate evidence • dusting for fingerprints • Luminol for detecting non-visible blood • accommodations can be made in analysis & interpretation since the presence of these materials is known
Biological Impurities • Biological Impurities – Microorganisms • Can destroy a sample overnight – bacteria & fungi grow well in warm moist conditions – microorganismal spores are ubiquitous – prevented by drying & freezing (sterile lab equipment) – Non-human physiological substances • generally no effect on human biologicals • marker systems for human protein or DNA – Human physiological substances • if source is known a substrate control can be incorporated into the analysis
Crime Scene Safety • Infectious materials – Wear gloves, have biohazard bags, shoe covers, Kleengard suits and masks, disposable writing instruments
Crime Scene Safety • Sharps – Be alert and once encountered they are packaged
Crime Scene Safety • Explosive Scenes Boston Marathon Bombing A Meth Lab
Crime-Scene Reconstruction Step 1 - State problem - type of crime and the legal elements. Step 2 - Collect data - - records checks and police checks, interview victim, witnesses, and suspects, try to get additional witnesses and comparison samples from suspects Step 3 - Form a hypothesis - look at all evidence - determine motive and possible suspects Step 4 - Test hypotheses - evaluate how truthful and reliable the stories are, weigh their stories against the physical evidence Step 5 - Follow up the most promising hypotheses (theories) Step 6 -- Draw conclusions - supported by court-admissible evidence leading to the arrest, prosecution, and conviction of the offender. CHE 113 40
Crime-Scene Reconstruction • Was there more than one person involved? • How was the crime committed? • Reconstruction supports likely sequence of events by the observation and evaluation of physical evidence and statements made by witnesses and those involved with the incident • Reconstructions can play a vital role in aiding the jury to arrive at an appropriate verdict. CHE 113 41
Crime-Scene Reconstruction Saferstein “Criminalistics” CHE 113 42
Kennedy Assassination CHE 113 43
Homicide: Rape: Robbery: 1 - focus on deceased 1 - focus on victim 2 -crime scene 2 - medical reports 3 - crime lab 3 - crime scene 4 - usual suspects Burglary: 1 - modus operandi 1 - focus on scene 2 - crime scene 2 - records check 3 - police records 3 - property check Source: adapted from Gilbert, J. (1980) Criminal Investigation. Columbus: Merrill. CHE 113 44
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