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Developing Ethos through Citation • Developing ethos in a paper is about demonstrating you’re a credible writer. You do this in a lot of different ways… • Synthesizing evidence from multiple sources to demonstrate you’ve read widely on the issue; • Using a fair tone and language; • Writing in a way that’s appropriate for your intended audience; • Using appropriate and accurate paraphrases, quotations, and attribution.

Attribution • Citation is a type of attribution, along with author tags (which we covered in Unit 1). • Citation has two parts: • In-text citation; • Works Cited page with full citations for each source

Consider it this way… Paraphrasing Author tags Attribution Citing Quoting Works Cited Page (which has FULL citations for sources) In-Text citation Developing Ethos Fair tone and language Writing matches audience Using several sources to prove each reason (synthesis) You develop ethos in many ways. Attribution is one way, and attribution consists of author tags and citing. Citing involves a works cited page AND in-text citations.

Citation Part 1: Full Citation for a Source • You have to give full citation information for every source you use in a paper. These full citations are collected on a Works Cited page at the end of your paper. • The citation has to follow a very specific model, and details are important! All of these things matter in a full citation: • Capitalization • Punctuation • Spelling • Whether something is italicized or not.

Citation Style depends on Type of Source Used • What your full citation looks like depends on what type of source it is. • For instance, books have a different citation format than magazine articles which have a different format than websites, etc. • In our research unit (Unit 3), we will go over resources to help you navigate the many types of sources that exist and how to cite them. • For now, most of our sources will come from our EHE reader, which is known as an anthology/edited collection. For the articles we use from the reader, we can use the following model for Project 2 (next slide). • This info is also available on p. 657 -658 of JTC.

Citation Model for P 2: Article from an Anthology Notice how the author’s last name juts out and everything else is indented in. This is called “hanging indent. ” Article author last name, Article author first name. “Article Title. ” Name of Anthology or Edited Collection. Ed. Full Name of Editors (with commas in between!). Place of Publication: Publisher, Year Book was Published. Page Numbers of Article. Print. Example: Smith, Jane. “Awesome Article about Stuff ‘n Things. ” Also notice: Essays about Stuff ‘n Things. Ed. Steve Important words Jones, Mary Clary, and Mark Johnson. New in article title and book title are York: Fancy Publishing House, 2013. 432 capitalized; 434. Print. Book titles are italicized.

Citation Model for P 2: Graph, image, or chart from an anthology • If you’re using images, graphs, charts, etc. from the reader as sources, use this citation model: “Title of Chart, Graph, or Image. ” What type of image it is. Name of Anthology or Edited Collection. Ed. Full Name of Editors (with commas in between!). Place of Publication: Publisher, Year Book was Published. Page Numbers of Article. Print. Example: “Awesome Graph with Info about Stuff ‘n Things. ” Graph. Essays about Stuff ‘n Things. Ed. Steve Jones, Mary Clary, and Mark Johnson. New York: Fancy Publishing House, 2013. 435. Print.

Citation Model for P 2: Web sources • If you’re using the web sources (such as those from Writing Studio) use this model for your citations for P 2: Author Last Name, Author First Name. “Title of Article. ” Name of Publication Date of Publication: Web. Date of Access. Notice date is listed as Day/Month/ Year. If there’s no day, just do month and year. Moreno, Patti. “Setting Your Cites. ” Organic Gardening 25 Apr. 2012. Web. 24 May 2014.

Some notes and rules… • When listing out editors: • If there are 3 or fewer editors, list them all out. If there are 4 or more editors, list the first person’s full name then write “et al. ” after it to indicate “and others…” • For instance, if there are 5 editors to a book and the first one is Jane Johnson, it would read: Ed. Jane Johnson, et al. • If there are 2 editors to a book, Jane Johnson and John Jameson, it would read: Ed. Jane Johnson and John Jameson. • The same rule applies for authors of articles and authors of books. Three or fewer: list them all; 4 or more, list first one with et al. after it.

Works Cited Page • The Works Cited Page comes at the end of your paper. • It is where all the full citations for your sources are listed. • It has: • All sources you used in your paper (following guidelines discussed previously) • Everything listed alphabetically by first word in the citation. This is usually the author’s last name. • Hanging indents for each citation. • 1” margins • Your last name and page number in upper right-hand corner • Page numbers that continue from the body of your paper. • That is, if the body of your paper is 7 pages long, the Works Cited starts on the next page, page 8.

Sample Works Cited Page Title is centered. Title is always Works Cited. Hanging indent so the first word sticks out. Everything alphabetized and double spaced. Notice: sources are NOT bulleted or numbered.

In-Text Citation • This is the part of the citation that is in the body of your paper. • You must cite a source in your paper when: • Quoting from a source • Paraphrasing an author’s ideas • Using factual information from a source that is not common knowledge. • What is “common knowledge, ” anyway? • Any information you can expect a reasonable well-educated person to know. • Common Knowledge: Facebook is a popular social media website created by Mark Zuckerberg. (No citation needed. ) • Not common knowledge: In December of 2012, Facebook had approximately 618 million active daily users. (Cite this!) • When in doubt, CITE IT.

In-Text Citation (cont’d) • You need to have done the FULL CITATION of the source before you can do a correct in-text citation. This is because you will use the first word of the FULL CITATION in the in-text citation. • When using non-web sources you also need the page number where you found the info, quote, etc.

Two Ways to Do an In-Text Citation: • Parenthetically (i. e. , in parentheses after the information). • Example: The Dartmouth Man is “a specific type of creature” (Reitman 346). • Narratively (i. e. , with an author tag). • Example: In her article, Janet Reitman points out that the Dartmouth Man is “a specific type of creature” (346). Both of these indicate to the reader that this quote came from the source by Reitman. I can go to the Works Cited page at the end, find the FULL Citation for Reitman, and access the source. Note the punctuation: close the quote, then do the parentheses with the author and page number, then put the period after the parentheses. Note: if you use an author tag in the sentence (as in this example) only the page number is in the parentheses. This is because the author tag already indicates that the author is Reitman.

Things to Remember • You have to have both elements, full citations on the Works Cited page AND intext citations, in order for it to “count” as citing. • Without both, you haven’t completely cited and you’re not going to be thought of as a credible author.