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Developing Ethos through Citation • Developing ethos in a paper is about demonstrating you’re a credible writer. You do this in a lot of different ways… • Synthesizing evidence from multiple sources to demonstrate you’ve read widely on the issue; • Using a fair tone and language; • Writing in a way that’s appropriate for your intended audience; • Using appropriate and accurate paraphrases, quotations, and attribution.
Paraphrasing • In A 1 we focused on how to paraphrase to demonstrate close reading. Remember these important points about paraphrasing: • Use synonyms • Change the structure • Check that the meaning hasn’t changed • Check that the tone hasn’t changed • Attribute
Quoting • Remember, you should QUOTE when: • The original is so clever that a paraphrase would lessen the impact • The original is so precise that to change it would alter the meaning • The original is concise and a paraphrase would double the original. • When you quote, remember that you must insert the writer’s EXACT words into your own writing, surrounding by quotation marks. • Example: • Hoffman points out that schools “are confronted with complex questions on whether and how to deal with cyberbullying, an imprecise label for online activities ranging from barrages of teasing texts to sexually harassing group sites. ”
Attribution • Whenever you use ideas from someone else – whether as a quote or paraphrase – remember that you must attribute it. • Citation is a type of attribution, along with author tags (which we covered during A 1). • Citation has two parts: • In-text citation; • Works Cited page with full citations for each source
Consider it this way… Paraphrasing Author tags Attribution Citing Quoting Works Cited Page (which has FULL citations for sources) In-Text citation Developing Ethos Fair tone and language Writing matches audience Using several sources to prove each reason (synthesis) You develop ethos in many ways. Attribution is one way, and attribution consists of author tags and citing. Citing involves a works cited page AND in-text citations.
Citation Part 1: Full Citation for a Source • You have to give full citation information for every source you use in a paper. These full citations are collected on a Works Cited page at the end of your paper. • The citation has to follow a very specific model, and details are important! All of these things matter in a full citation: • Capitalization • Punctuation • Spelling • Whether something is italicized or not.
Citation Style depends on Type of Source Used • What your full citation looks like depends on what type of source it is. • For instance, books have a different citation format than magazine articles which have a different format than websites, etc. • In our research unit, we will go over resources to help you navigate the many types of sources that exist and how to cite them. • For now, most of our sources will come from our Food reader, which is known as an anthology/edited collection, or from a few sanctioned websites. For the articles we use from the reader, we can use the following model for A 2 (next slide).
Citation Model for A 2: Article from an Anthology or a collection Article author last name, Article author first name. “Article Notice how the Title. ” Name of Anthology or Edited Collection, author’s last edited by Full Name of Editors, Publisher, Year name juts out Book was Published, page Numbers of Article with and everything “pp” preceding them (for multiple pages) or “p” for else is indented a single page. in. This is called “hanging indent. ” Example: Also notice: Important words Smith, Jane. “Awesome Article about Stuff ‘n Things. ” in article title and Collected Essays about Stuff ‘n Things, book title are edited by Steve Jones, Mary Clary, and Mark capitalized; Johnson, Fancy Publishing House, 2013, pp. Book titles are 432 -434. italicized.
Citation Model for A 2: Graph, image, or chart from an anthology or collection • If you’re using images, graphs, charts, etc. from the reader as sources, use this citation model: If there isn’t an author for the image, then skip that and go directly to the title of the image. Author Last Name, Author First Name. “Title of Chart, Graph, or Image. ” Name of Anthology or Edited Collection, edited by Full Name of Editors, Publisher, Year Book was Published, page Number(s) of chart, graph, or image. Type of image. Example: USDA. “Awesome Graph with Info about Stuff ‘n Things. ” Collected Essays about Stuff ‘n Things, edited by Steve Jones, Mary Clary, and Mark Johnson, Fancy Publishing House, 2013, p. 563. Graph.
Citation Model for A 2: Web sources Notice date is listed as Day/Month/ Year. If there’s no day, just do month and year. If for some reason there’s no publication date for the article, include your date of access at the end of the citation. • If you’re using the web sources from the sanctioned websites use this model for your citations for A 2: Author Last Name, Author First Name. “Title of Article. ” Name of Publication, Date of Publication, URL. Moreno, Patti. “Citing is Exciting. ” Citation Weekly, 22 June 2016, www. citationweekly. com/citingisexciting. Parwell, Philip. “Citing is Definitely Not Exciting. ” Citation Weekly, www. citationweekly. com/citingisnotexciting. Accessed 12 Aug. 2016.
Some notes and rules… • When listing out editors and authors: • If there are 3 or fewer editors or authors, list them all out. • If there are 4 or more editors or author, list the first person’s full name then write “et al. ” after it to indicate “and others…” • For instance, if there are 5 editors to a book and the first one is Jane Johnson, it would read: edited by Jane Johnson, et al. • If there are 2 editors to a book, Jane Johnson and John Jameson, it would read: edited by Jane Johnson and John Jameson.
Works Cited Page • The Works Cited Page comes at the end of your paper. • It is where all the full citations for your sources are listed. • It has: • All sources you used in your paper (following guidelines discussed previously) • Everything listed alphabetically by first word in the citation. This is usually the author’s last name. • Hanging indents for each citation. • 1” margins • Your last name and page number in upper right-hand corner • Page numbers that continue from the body of your paper. • That is, if the body of your paper is 7 pages long, the Works Cited starts on the next page, page 8.
Sample Works Cited Page Title is centered. Title is always Works Cited. Hanging indent so the first word sticks out. Everything alphabetized and double spaced. Notice: sources are NOT bulleted or numbered.
In-Text Citation • This is the part of the citation that is in the body of your paper. • You must cite a source in your paper when: • Quoting from a source • Paraphrasing an author’s ideas • Using factual information from a source that is not common knowledge. • What is “common knowledge, ” anyway? • Any information you can expect a reasonable well-educated person to know. • Common Knowledge: Facebook is a popular social media website created by Mark Zuckerberg. (No citation needed. ) • Not common knowledge: In December of 2012, Facebook had approximately 618 million active daily users. (Cite this!) • When in doubt, CITE IT.
In-Text Citation (cont’d) • You need to have done the FULL CITATION of the source before you can do a correct in-text citation. This is because you will use the first word of the FULL CITATION in the in-text citation. • When using non-web sources you also need the page number where you found the info, quote, etc.
Two Ways to Do an In-Text Citation: • Parenthetically (i. e. , in parentheses after the information). • Example: The Dartmouth Man is “a specific type of creature” (Reitman 346). • Narratively (i. e. , with an author tag). • Example: In her article, Janet Reitman points out that the Dartmouth Man is “a specific type of creature” (346). Both of these indicate to the reader that this quote came from the source by Reitman. I can go to the Works Cited page at the end, find the FULL Citation for Reitman, and access the source. Note the punctuation: close the quote, then do the parentheses with the author and page number, then put the period after the parentheses. Note: if you use an author tag in the sentence (as in this example) only the page number is in the parentheses. This is because the author tag already indicates that the author is Reitman.
Things to Remember • You have to have both elements, full citations on the Works Cited page AND intext citations, in order for it to “count” as citing. • Without both, you haven’t completely cited and have harmed your ethos as a writer.
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