The CounterReformation aka the Catholic Reformation The Complutensian

The Counter-Reformation aka the Catholic Reformation

The Complutensian Polyglot Bible

Gasparo Cardinal Contarini, a Catholic reformer

Reginald Cardinal Pole, another reform-minded Catholic leader

Juan de Valdes (+1541), Spanish humanist

Vittoria Colonna (1490 -1547), friend of humanists and love interest of Michelangelo (the sketch of her to the left is by Michelangelo )

Giulia Gonzaga (1512 -1566), Italian noblewoman and friend of Juan de Valdes

Peter Martyr Vermigli, Italian reformer

Charles V, the Holy Roman emperor (Titian portrait)

The Landgrave Philipp of Hesse (1504 -1567) – a strong supporter of the Reformation … and a bigamist

Philipp of Hesse and Christine of Saxony

Margarethe von der Saale, Philipp of Hesse’s second wife

Maurice of Saxony, Protestant duke and leader, 1521 -1553

Pope Paul III (1534 -1549)

The Council of Trent (1545 -1563)

The Inquisition

Tomas de Torquemada, inquisitor

Philip II, King of Spain (r. 1554 -1598)

Index of Prohibited Books

Ignatius Loyola, founder of the Society of Jesus (S. J. )

Loyola’s Spiritual Exercises

St. Teresa of Avila, founder of the Discalced Carmelites

The Ecstasy of St. Theresa, by Gianlorenzo Bernini (ca 1650)

St. John of the Cross, another Spanish mystic

A Golden Age in Spain for the arts coexists with this outpouring of religious fervor; sometimes the two overlap (see El Greco’s paintings, e. g. )

El Greco’s The Burial of Count Orgel (1586 -1588)

El Greco’s View of Toledo (1596 -1600)