The coolingflow problem Bremsstrahlung emission L n 2
The cooling-flow problem Bremsstrahlung emission ) L / n 2 ) center parts cool faster. Pressure equilibrium ) mass in-flow ) density increases. Abel 1835 RGS Spectra Sersic 159 -03 EPIC Radial Profiles Mariano Mendez - SRON
The cooling-flow problem Heating mechanism: Magnetic reconnection? Central AGN? Turbulence? Spatially-resolved, high-resolution spectra to map out the temperature distribution and the dynamics of the gas in the center. Instrument requirements: 500£ 500 2 -e. V 0 resolution spectrum of the - Fo. V = As large as possible (goal 1 £ 10). Mosaic observations. nucleus of a cluster of galaxies with XEUS. - DE = 2 e. V (v ¼ few 100 km/s) - E range = 0. 3 – 12 ke. V (0. 3 ke. V to reach up to z ¼ 0. 05) Mariano Mendez - SRON
Warm-hot intergalactic medium (WHIM) Missing baryons at z ¼ 0 Simulations of structure formation Wbaryon; WMAP = 0. 0440 Wbarion; observed = 0. 0124 Mass Temperature OVII Mariano Mendez - SRON
Warm-hot intergalactic medium (WHIM) XMM-Newton: Soft excess emission in Cl. of Galaxies. Possible infalling groups. XEUS: Simulated observation for A 2052. Properties of the emitting gas: k. T ¼ 0. 2 ke. V [O] ¼ 0. 1 [O¯] Mass ¼ Mass. Cl. of Galaxies Other lines: CVI, NVII, OVIII and the Fe. L complex. Abundance up to z ¼ 0. 5 (after that, problems with background lines) Mariano Mendez - SRON
Warm-hot intergalactic medium (WHIM) WHIM can also be detected in absorption to higher redshifts, provided enough bright background sources exist. Instrument requirements: - Fo. V = Not a driver. Snapshots of outskirts of Clusters or bright background sources. - DE = 2 e. V (weak narrow lines) - E range = 0. 1 – 2 ke. V (0. 1 ke. V ! N up to z ¼ 0. 5 and O up to z ¼ 2) Mariano Mendez - SRON
Active Galactic Nuclei Mildly-ionized material in the vicinity of an AGN (warm absorber) - Broadened lines ! vturbulent & 600 km/sec - Outflow velocity = 200 km/sec - Two photo-ionisation components Mariano Mendez - SRON
Active Galactic Nuclei Time-resolved spectroscopy of Seyfert 1 galaxies with sufficient spectral resolution to determine outflow velocities down to a few 100 km/s. NGC 5548 - 100 -s with XEUS Instrument requirements: - Effective area (» 100 -s time-scalerelated variability) Changes in the plasma parameters to changes in the X-ray - DE = 2 e. V (v ¼ few 100 about km/s) the location of the absorbing luminosity provide information - E range = 0. 3 – 12 ke. V (constrain continuum / Fe line at Mariano ¼ 6. 5 ke. V) plasma. Mendez - SRON
Extreme gravity and NS equation of state Close to NS or black holes, gravitational energy is comparable to restmass energy. This regime has so far not been tested. Inside NS, r & 10 £ rnuclear. Possible exotic particles, like strangeness-bearing baryons, pions and kaon condensates, or deconfined quarks. Only possibility, since the Big Bang, to find those particles in nature. Mariano Mendez - SRON
CVI Lyb NVI w CVI Lyd OVIII Lya (z = 0. 35) CVI Lyg NVI Kg NVII Lya NVI Kb OVII w OVII xy NVII Lyb OVII Kb OVIII Lya OVII Kg OVII Edge Ne IX w Fe. XXV 2 -3 (z = 0. 35) OVII xy Fe. XXVI Ha (z = 0. 35) Neutron star equation of state Composition of NS from Mass-Radius measurements – Possible Quark stars – Physics of nuclear interactions z = 0. 35 Mariano Mendez - SRON
Neutron star equation of state Composition of NS from Mass-Radius measurements – Possible Quark stars – Physics of nuclear interactions 30 -second exposures of the early part of a single X-ray burst, for 3 different spin frequencies of the neutron star. Instrument requirements: - Effective area!!! Redshift ! M/R - DE = 2 e. V (to measure line width) Line width ! M/R 2 Mariano Mendez - SRON - E range = 0. 3 – 2 ke. V (» 10 ke. V ! redshifted Fe XXVI Lya)
Life cycle of the elements SNe and SNR. Explosive nucleosynthesis. Cas A – 1 Ms with Chandra Doppler maps Mariano Mendez - SRON
Life cycle of the elements Rare elements – ISM enrichment XMM-Newton XEUS Instrument requirements: - Detector uniformity/stability. Fo. V less important - DE = 2 e. V (shock dynamics) - E range = 0. 3 (to include C-K edge) to » 10 ke. V (Fe-K edge) Mariano Mendez - SRON
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