The Concept Of Problem Solving Community Policing Community
The Concept Of Problem Solving & Community Policing
Community Policing Overview The Political Era – 1930’s and 1940’s Politics and Policing Ú The ward system in major eastern cities Ú Political impact lead to corruption Ú Citizens lost respect and trust of police Ú Wickersham Commission – 1931 – Scathing condemnation of police practices – Reform was designed to fight corruption – Set groundwork for the Professional Model 11/29/2020 2
Community Policing Overview The Professional Model of Policing – 1950’s Three Major Strategies – Random Patrol – Rapid Responses – After the fact investigation The Focus 11/29/2020 – Efficiency – response times – Rigid rules and regulations – Remove officers from the influence of citizens and politicians – Eliminate problems of graft and corruption of the political era 3
Community Policing Overview The Kansas City Preventive Patrol Study (1974 Dr. George Kelling) Ú Routine preventive patrol has little value in preventing crime or making citizens feel safe Ú Non-committed time can be used for purposes other than random patrol without any negative impact on public safety Ú Deployment strategies should be based on specific crime prevention and service goals as opposed to routine preventative patrol 11/29/2020 4
Community Policing Overview Community Relations Era – 1970’s Ú Community Relations – getting people to like us Ú Team Policing – abandoned due to poor implementation and training Ú Police need to work with community – “We” rather than “us vs. them” – Public relations campaigns Ú Research indicated 80% of officer’s time is spent doing order maintenance Ú Relationships with communities were built 11/29/2020 5
Community Policing Overview Community Policing – Mid 70’s (Robert Trajanowicz) Ú Built on various aspects of Team Policing – – Decentralized Operation Geographic Responsibility Ú The Police engage the community in the policing process – – A collaborative relationship Emphasis on organizing and mobilizing the community Ú Continuity of officer assignments Ú Shared decision making with the community Ú Very popular with the public and consequently with public officials Ú Places the police in all kinds of unconventional settings – on foot, bicycles, classrooms and community meetings 11/29/2020 6
Community Policing Overview Problem Oriented Policing – Dr. Herman Goldstein 1970’s – Present Ú Emphasizes the substantive societal problems the police are held Ú Ú Ú Ú principally responsible for Promotes using alternatives to the formal criminal justice system Seeks to preserve ultimate decision making authority for police Recognizes limitations of policing and the hazards of creating unreasonable expectations A broad concept, not limited to crime problems, but also full range of social disorder A framework for organizing the police and their activities so as to learn how to prevent crime and disorder Stresses accountability but also a free exchange of ideas Stresses communication with entities outside the police department 11/29/2020 7
Selected Comparisons Between Problem-Oriented Policing and Community Policing Principles Principle Problem-Oriented Policing Community Policing Primary Emphasis Substantive social problems within police mandate Engaging the community in the policing process When the police and community collaborate Determined on a problem by problem basis Always or nearly always Emphasis on problem analysis Highest priority given to thorough analysis Encouraged, but less important than community collaboration Preference for Responses Strong preference that alternatives to criminal law enforcement be explored Preference for collaborative responses with community Role for police in organizing and mobilizing community Advocated only if warranted within the context of the specific problem being addressed Emphasizes strong role for police Importance of geographic decentralization of police and continuity of officer assignment to community Preferred, but not essential Essential Degree to which police share decision-making authority with community Strongly encourages input from community while preserving ultimate decision-making to police Emphasizes sharing decisionmaking authority with community Emphasis on officers' skills Emphasizes intellectual and tactical skills Emphasizes interpersonal skills View of role or mandate of police Encourages broad, but not unlimited role for police, stresses limited capacities of police and guards against creating unrealistic expectations of police Encourages expansive role for police to achieve ambitious social objectives - Enhance quality of life - Promote racial/ethnic harmony 8 11/29/2020
Community Policing Overview Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED – C. Ray Jeffrey 1971) Ú Stresses the importance of urban planning, building design, and landscape architecture in controlling and preventing crime and disorder Ú Used in design of public spaces Ú Modify space to make suspect uncomfortable 11/29/2020 9
Community Policing Overview Situational Crime Prevention (Dr. Ron Clarke, Dr. Greg Saville 1993) Ú Relatively new branch of criminology Ú Built on and expanded on C. P. T. E. D. and the idea of defensible space Ú Involves the management, design, or manipulation of the immediate environment – – Increase the effort of committing crime Increase the risk Reduce rewards Remove excuses Ú Requires that crime is examined in the specific context of its location Ú Examines the important role that opportunity plays in the commission of crime 11/29/2020 10
Community Policing Overview Crime Analysis and Comstat (Bratton and Kelling 1994) Ú A crime analysis method by which computerized crime statistics are analyzed and presented to operational commanders Ú Commanders are held accountable for developing effective tactics to respond to emerging crime patterns Ú Mobilizing resources Ú Assessing effectiveness/relentless follow up 11/29/2020 11
Community Policing Overview Hot Spot Policing – Dr. Larry Sherman Ú Theories and applications for understanding Ú Ú 11/29/2020 crime and disorder in terms of geographic patterns Based on research that indicates that crime is not evenly distributed These concentrations can be mapped Practical applications depends upon how the data is organized, what questions are asked, and what conclusions are drawn from the data Limitations – credit card fraud, child abuse 12
Community Policing Overview Broken Windows (Dr. George Kelling, Dr. James Q. Wilson, 1982) Ú By having the police and community address the many minor community incivilities and signs of neglect, more serious crime and disorder will be prevented Ú The basic philosophy behind Quality of Life enforcement 11/29/2020 13
Community Policing Overview Zero Tolerance Ú A political slogan Ú The police will restrict or eliminate the use of discretion in enforcement Ú Enforce laws as strictly as possible Ú Total reliance on criminal sanctions to address crime and disorder 11/29/2020 14
Community Policing Overview Beat Accountability Partnerships Problem Solving The goal of Beat Accountability is to reduce crime and disorder by carefully examining the characteristics of problems in neighborhoods and then applying appropriate problem solving remedies. 11/29/2020 15
Community Policing Overview Partnerships “…The police are the public and the public are the police; the police being only members of the public who are paid to give full-time attention to duties which are incumbent on every citizen in the interests of the community. ” 11/29/2020 Sir Robert Peel 16
Community Policing Overview The Crime Triangle Victims Offenders Guardians Locations (Must impact two sides for long term effect) 11/29/2020 17
2004 -2006 Policing Plan Phoenix Police Department Planning Example
It starts with the vision. Making Phoenix the Safest Major City
How do we get there? Our issues lie in the “gap” that exists between where we are now and where we want to be. Current City Wide Understanding Of Beat Accountability 11/29/2020 GAP Analysis …where we want to be… Cooperative Phx PD Environment 20
Considerations for closing the gap. . . Create the issues of the Policing Plan XCommunity Input XEmployee Input XCrime Analysis XCrime Trends XDemographics XTechnological Capabilities XResource Providers XSocial/Political Environment XCompetitors XRegulators 11/29/2020 2004 -06 Policing Plan Making Phoenix the Safest Major City in the Nation Police Chief Jack F. Harris 21
The Policing Plan A Two Year Plan To Bridge the Gap Ú Focuses efforts on the issues identified as critical in reaching the vision Ú Creates uniformed decision making Ú Helps prioritize existing & future needs 11/29/2020 22
Goal Development and Implementation Making Phoenix the Safest Major City Policing Plan Issues 11/29/2020 PAP Goals Performance Management Guides 24
Crime Suppression Goals Reduce Violent Crime ²Focus on reducing Homicides, Aggravated Assaults, Robberies, and Sexual Assaults Reduce Property Crime ²Focus on reducing Burglaries, Thefts, and Auto Thefts Community Members’ Perception of Safety ²Focus on “Safe City’’ initiatives to maintain a high perception of safety in the community during the day and at night Increase Arrests ²Target repeat offenders to include misdemeanor and felony offenses Leadership Goals Succession Planning ²Implement a plan that prepares the department for the impact of future retirements and knowledge transfer Promotions ²Implement a leadership development plan based on the principles of Enlightened Leadership Career Planning ²Develop career planning resources for employees at all levels 11/29/2020 Neighborhood Safety Goals Develop a Neighborhood Safety Plan to include: Phoenix Policing ²Improve neighborhood safety through our community -based crime prevention practices that we call “Phoenix Policing” Patrol Configuration ²Establish a future patrol staffing model ²Establish a blueprint for future fully-functional precincts Homeland Defense ²Focus on Education and Awareness, Detection, Rapid Response, and Recovery Reserve Officers ²Focus on increasing sworn reserve staff to enhance the department’s rapid response to a major crisis Infrastructure Goals Enhance Future Capabilities ²Focus on the following areas: §Information Technology §Forensics §Information Management §Facilities 25
Transition To Problem Solving S. A. R. A.
What is a Problem: Ú Repeat incidents over a period of time Ú If there is a crisis react immediately and come back to S. A. R. A. Ú Can be criminal and/or quality of life issue/s. Ú Concerns the community & the police agencies 11/29/2020 27
Community Policing Overview The Problem Solving Process Scanning Assessment Analysis Response/Responsibility 11/29/2020 28
Problem Solving Model; Four Step Process Ú“S” - Scanning Ú“A” - Analysis Ú“R” - Response Ú“A” - Assessment 11/29/2020 29
Input Sources to Set Beat Priorities & Projects Community Input: Ú Focus groups Ú Neighborhood Associates: Whispering Sands, Four Corners, etc. Ú School groups: Wilson Coalition Ú Civic groups: Van Buren Civic Association 11/29/2020 Officer Input: Ú Beat & shift input Ú Specialty detectives Management Input: Ú Sergeants Ú Lieutenants Ú Executive 30
Small introduction problem; Relating to an Elderly Person Ú You as a beat Officer have been dispatched to the home of an elderly female, who has been the victim of repeated criminal damages (broken windows) and burglaries over the period of the past several months. Ú You noticed on your way to the call that there is a local Elementary School that is approx. . ½ mile away and her home appears to be on the students natural path / direction home. Ú She doesn’t have the funds needed to fix the broken windows, of which there are many. 11/29/2020 31
Transition Medium Sized Problem
Problem Solving Technique; S. A. R. A “S”- Scanning; Problem identification Ú Brainstorming; Create a laundry list of perceived problems Ú Discussion Vs Identification Ú Prioritize the list from the group Ú Criminal / Non-Criminal Issues Ú How did this problem come to your attention? Ú Is an immediate response needed? 11/29/2020 33
Scanning Input Example 1) Gang activity Community 2) Prostitution Scanning Example: 3) Loitering Ú False Identification 4) Drug Activity Issue their input 5) False Identification involved issues such purchasing area as: 6) Open beer/alcohol drinking 11/29/2020 34
Scanning Input Example Officer Scanning Input: came from Ú Beat Officers from all three shifts Ú Detectives from VICE & Gang Units Ú Walking Beat Officers 11/29/2020 1) Narcotic usage and minor sales occurring 2) False Identification sale location: one of three primary city sale locations 3) Little to no gang activity occurring 35
Scanning Input Example Management Scanning Input: Ú Sergeants Ú Lieutenants Ú Commander 11/29/2020 1) False Identification issue is a small fish in the big pond of other criminal activity present within the precinct 2) If politically driven we’ll look at the issue 36
“A” - Analysis S. A. R. A. Ú Surveys Ú Data collection: crime statistical review Ú Resources that are needed to deal with the problem. Ú What happens before, during & after problem occurs. Ú Problem scope, who is affected. Ú Surveillance: 24 hour examination 11/29/2020 37
Analysis Example False Identification Issue: ÚTwenty-four hour surveillance revealed 11/29/2020 1) 312 Taxi Cabs 2) 314 Individuals loitering 3) 6 Prostitutes 4) 175 Phone usage contacts occurred 38
Proceed Slowly in First Two Phases ÚThe “Scanning” and “Analysis” phases for projects should go slow! ÚTwo to three months is okay ÚThe problem has probably been around for years and you want to do it right, so go slow! 11/29/2020 39
“R” - Response S. A. R. A. Ú We are very good here! Ú Select tactics using all available resources Ú Length of plan should be 6 to 8 weeks for long term success Ú Constantly review progress Ú Beat officer involvement is critical 11/29/2020 40
Response Continued Ú Possible resources; Ú Zero tolerance / high visibility patrols Ú Abatement should be considered as a tool; 90% compliance with letter alone Ú Neighborhood environmental changes Ú Education programs regarding problem; news releases, presentations 11/29/2020 41
“A” - Assessment S. A. R. A. Ú Report back to input groups your results in a timely manner Ú Was plan goals achieved Ú Post plan review of surveys, crime data, quality of life improvements Ú Stay objective in critique: I use a 1 to 10 reporting scale (I promise you a reaction when you report back a “ 5” or less) Ú Possible re-deployment & analysis! 11/29/2020 42
Assessment: False Identification Issue Example 3 Month Plan: Ú 107 arrests Ú 190 seized fictitious identifications Ú 658 blank documents seized: alien resident cards, social security cards, etc. Ú 16 cameras, 11 cloned phones, 1 laminator machine & 1 typewriter seized 11/29/2020 43
Questions? 11/29/2020 44
- Slides: 44