The Computer Gears and cams Water powered factories

The Computer • • Gears and cams Water powered factories Printing press Automata toys Programmable (Jacquard) loom 1890 US census tabulator WWII & the Mark I 1

14 BC – First reference to Hellenistic gearing system. • Vitruvius – “Machines that are rarely used. ” • Earliest machines were grain mills. • Diminished need for multiple mills in a centralized imperial administration? Donkey powered grain mill 2

250 AD – Roman imperial grain mills at Barbegal, Fr. • Water powered. • Built on hillside using eight sequential overshot water wheel grain mills. • Supplied all of Arles, France with grain. 3

The Overshot Water Wheel 4

250 -400 AD – Fall of Rome • Administrative separation of the Empire into East and West. • The W. Empire gone by 480 AD. – Civil wars, religion, barbarians & economic depression. • The mills survived and were run by monasteries and the church. Fall of Rome 5

The water powered cam • Invented 200 -300 BC. First water powered reference in Alps. • This triggered the Medieval Industrial Revolution 900 AD 1400 AD. • Binary instruction; Yes/no, on/off, up/down, etc. • Used for mass production of beer, steel, paper, fullingmills, etc. The old music box was a cam based program 6

Gears • Gears control speed like the gears in your automobile, bicycle or clock. 7

1098 AD – Cistercians left the Benedict abbey. • Forming new abbeys ‘far from the haunts of men. ’ • Instituted ‘lay brothers, ’ & corporate culture. • Masters at making marginal land productive. • 530 such profitable abbeys established all over Europe in a period of 100 years. • Cistercian wool was the best available. 8

11 th Century – Horizontal loom to W. Europe. • This was much faster (using foot pedals) than the vertical loom of the time and made Flanders rich • Led to a shortage of hand spun wool. 9

Vertical & Horizontal Loom Vertical Loom Horizontal Loom 10

1114 AD – Begin the Champagne Fairs • The first international center of exchange. • Letter of credit established. – Allows buyer and seller exchange of money through their respective banks. 11

Champagne Province is E. of Paris Map of France In 1326 12

1280 AD – Introduction of spinning wheel • Increased spun wool in Flanders. • This led to a ten-fold increase in cloth production. • Spinning wheel 13

1300 AD – ‘Little Ice Age. ’ • Grain harvests fell short • Uncertain weather • Widespread famine fostering a weakened state. 14

1347 AD – The Black Plague in Europe • The cause was unknown at the time. It killed off 33% or 28 MM Europeans, 100 MM world wide in 3 years. • The Bubonic Plague is now known to be a bacterium carried by a flea on its host. 15

1450 AD – Economic Boom • After the epidemic there was a tremendous economic boom resulting in much discarded linen • Discarded linen found use in making inexpensive high quality paper. • Scribes were too slow and costly. This triggered Gutenberg to make the printing press. 16

1457 AD – 1 st dated publication from press • This was a book of psalms. • The printed word increased communication dramatically. • Specialization of knowledge • Democratization of knowledge • Increased literacy • Easier to read • Increased accuracy, spelling and grammar 17

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Aldus Manutius printed The Aldine Editions • The first pocket books. • Printed the classic Greek literature. These books were published in 1500 20

18 th Century – Bouchon’s programmable loom • First application of punched hole paper to act as instructions for silk pattern. 21

1741 AD – Jacques de Vaucanson’s loom • In Lyons, France. Vaucanson, an automata maker improved the loom using a ratcheted hole punched cylinder with punched paper over it. • This threatened the weavers livelihoods. 22

1801 – Jacquard loom • Jacquard made minor improvements to Vaucanson’s loom to, finally, an accepting public. • 1847 – Whole punched paper guides to control riveting machines for ship building 23

Jacquard Loom 24

Herman Hollerith’s data processing. • Herman Hollerith, made a punch card tabulating machine for the US 1890 census. • His tabulating machine counted and sorted the data many times faster than the 1880 census. • 1896 Hollerith started a tabulator company which became IBM in 1924. 43 min 25

“The Next Pandemic” • 60% of 400 emerging diseases identified since 1940 are “zoonotic” – from animals. • From 50, 000 known vertebrate species there may be 1 MM unknown infectious viruses. • Once a deadly virus becomes an airborne human pathogen >100 MM may die before a vaccine is made. • Worse case scenario is H 5 N 1, the avian flu virus with a 60% kill rate. 26

Automatic Sequence Control Calculator “The Mark 1” • 1944 – Built at IBM for Harvard Univ. • Served the US war effort – 4. 3 tons, 500 miles of wire & used electromechanical switches Used paper tape programs 27

The Mark 1 28

The Eniac Computer 29

The Edsac Computer Being Built 30

Automation & AI Trends • Workplace transformation • Increased human/machine interaction • Higher productivity • Changes in human skills • Increased demand for technical, social & cognitive • Less demand for basic cognitive & physical skills • To aquire these skills, companies will: – Retrain, redeploy, hire, contract & release employees 31

Binary Numbers • Each digit is based on 2 n, where n is the column number • 24 23 22 21 20, etc. Where these numbers represent 16, 8, 4, 2, 1 respectively. • The number 1011 in binary code is equivalent to 8+0+2+1 = 11 in base 10. • The number 25 in base 10 code is equal to 11001 in binary code (16+8+0+0+1). 32

Binary Numbers 2 n Value 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 =8 =8+1=9 =8+2=10 =15 1 0 1 1 =27 1 33

Base 10 & Binary Equivalent Base 10 Binary 32 100000 27 11011 31 11111 60 111100 15 1111 34

1970 s Microcomputer Mavericks • Apple Computer – Steve Jobs • Microsoft – Bill Gates 35

What you should know • How does a water wheel work and what it was used for? • What do gears and cams do? • Kinetic energy used for milling, grinding, sawing, etc. P 89 #3 -4 • Control speed/power and binary instructions. P 86 -89 & slide #6 -7 • Compare the vertical & • Foot pedals on horizontal. #9 -10 horizontal looms. • Connection between mini-iceage • Discarded linen #16 and paper production. • Weaving advances discussed • Slides #9, 10, 13 & 23 -24 during the 11 -18 th century 36

What you need to know • How did the printing press affect the spread of knowledge? • Pg. 104 -106 & slides 16 -17 • How was plaque spread? • A bacterium carried by a flea. • What is a fulling mill? • Wool washing pg. 89 • Binary • slides 32 -34 decimal • Give the binary and decimal sum of binary 1011 + 1100 • 10111 or 23 37