The Colonies That Become New Nations 1945 to

The Colonies That Become New Nations 1945 to Present Mr. Condry’s Social studies Class

Colonial Independence • Countries Question Colonialism • Countries with colonies start to turn against colonialism because: • Expensive • Big commitment • Morally wrong (WWII had been a struggle against oppressive dictators) • Colonies begin pushing harder for independence

India as a Colony • Controlled by British for almost 200 years • One of the largest and most populated colonies in the world • Divided by 2 main religious groups: • Hindus (350 mil) • Muslims (100 mil)

India as a Colony • The Congress Party (or Indian National Congress) was India’s national political party. Most members were Hindu • The Muslim League looked out for the interests of India’s Muslims. The League stated that it would never accept Indian independence if it meant the rule of the Congress Party

Indian Independence • After WWII, Britain had a massive war debt. Due to the cost of maintaining a colony and the Indians’ push for independence, Britain decided to give India its freedom • Fighting broke out between the Muslims and Hindus for control

Indian Independence • British decide to partition (to divide into parts) India into Hindu and Muslim nations in 1947. • Modern India was the Hindu part • East and West Pakistan were the Muslim part

India Independence • Britain announced that India would gain its independence in only 1 month. • Millions of Indians moved so that they would be in the borders of the country of their religion. • Violence ensued • Gandhi pleaded for fair treatment of Muslim refugees and was assassinated by a Hindu extremist in 1948.

Modern India • India became the world’s largest democracy and Jawaharlal Nehru became its 1 st prime minister • Educated in Britain • Popular among all groups

Jawaharlal Nehru • As Prime Minister he: 1. Emphasized democracy, unity, and economic independence 2. Kept India neutral during the Cold War 3. Reorganized states based on language 4. Pushed for industrialization and social reform 5. Tried to elevate the lower social castes (classes in the Hindu faith) 6. Expanded rights of women

Jawaharlal Nehru • Died in 1964, many political parties form • Violence occurs due to differences between the various religious groups (Hindu, Muslim, and Sikh who want their own independent state)

India Today • Has a population of over 1 billion • Is expected to become the highest populated country in 2035 • Problems with social inequality, due in part to Hindu beliefs • Violence breaks out periodically due to religious differences and border disputes

Pakistan and Bangladesh • Once Pakistan split from India in 1947, there was immediately fighting between East and West Pakistan • East and West Pakistan were separated by over 1, 000 miles of Indian territory and were completely different culture and history

Pakistan and Bangladesh • only similarity between East and West Pakistan was that they were predominantly Muslim • East Pakistan had a larger population, but West Pakistan was where government was located

Pakistan and Bangladesh • East Pakistan declared its independence in 1971 and called itself Bangladesh • War immediately broke out and India sided with Bangladesh • Bangladesh won its independence and is now one of the world’s poorest countries • Prone to natural disasters with a rapidly growing population

Strife between India and Pakistan • Both India and Pakistan have been fighting over the region of Kashmir in Northern India and Northern Pakistan for decades • 2/3 of Kashmir is in India + 1/3 in Pakistan • Major source of water for both • Both sides now have nuclear weapons which is a cause of international concern

Sri Lanka • Small island off of southern India • Gained independence in 1948 • ¾ population are Buddhists and ¼ are Hindus • Hindus on Sri Lanka desire a separate independent nation on the island • Violence between the 2 groups is ongoing

Southeast Asian Countries Gain Independence • Before WWII the US, Britain, France and the Netherlands had colonies in SE Asia • During WWII, Japan seized many of those colonies and controlled them for years • When WWII ended, SE Asians refused to live under European rule again

The Philippines • Granted independence from the US on July 4, 1946 • Suffered for decades under dictator Ferdinand Marcos who stole hundreds of millions of dollars from his country before being forced into exile

The Philippines • Strides have been made towards democracy recently • Currently has problems with a militant Muslim group known as the Moros who desire independence

Burma and Myanmar • gained independence in 1948 • Suffered many political upheavals • Currently ruled by an oppressive military government

Malaysia and Singapore • Malaysia gained independence in 1957 • Singapore split from Malaysia in 1965 and became an independence city-state • Important banking and trade center • Has one of the world’s strongest economies

Indonesia • Gained independence from the Netherlands in 1947 • Most of the world’s major religions – but has the world’s largest Muslim population • World’s 4 th most populated country • More than 13, 600 islands

Indonesia • 300 ethnic groups and 250 languages • Suffered for years under a general turned president until a democratic government took over recently • Still faces problems w/ fragile economy, ethnic strife, etc… • East Timor (predominantly Christian population) split from Indonesia and became independent

African Independence • Africans began expressing their desire for independence before WWII with the Negritude movement which celebrated African culture • Like other colonies they were unwilling to remain colonies after WWII

African Independence • Colonies which had been under • indirect rule (system in which local officials in colonies handled much of the governing) adapted to independence much easier than those colonies that had been under • direct rule (government led by foreign power and the locals were not trained to run the government)

African Independence • Problems of ethnic strife - European boundaries broke up kinship groups and often combined rival ethnic groups • Pan-Africanism starts to spread (A movement promoting values that are the product of the African civilization and struggles against slavery, racism, colonialism, and neo-colonialism) • Many countries suffered from poverty, outbreaks of war, and corrupt governments • Genocides (the deliberate and systematic destruction, in whole or in part, of an ethnic, racial, religious, or national group) have been ongoing

Stages of Genocide Stage Characteristics Preventive Measures 1. Classification People are divided into "us + them" The main preventive measure is to develop universalistic institutions that transcend divisions 2. Symbolization Symbols may be forced upon unwilling members of pariah groups To combat symbolization, hate symbols can be legally forbidden as hate speech 3. Dehumanization One group denies the humanity of another group. Members are equated w/ animals, vermin, insects or diseases Local + international leaders should condemn the use of hate speech + make it culturally unacceptable. Leaders who incite genocide should be banned from international travel + have their foreign finances frozen 4. Organization Genocide is always organized. . . Special army units or militias are often trained + armed The U. N. should impose arms embargoes on governments + citizens of countries involved in genocidal massacres, + create commissions to investigate violations 5. Polarization Hate groups broadcast polarizing propaganda Prevention may mean security protection for moderate leaders or assistance to human rights groups. . . Coups d’état by extremists should be opposed by international sanctions 6. Preparation Victims are identified + separated out b/c of their ethnic or religious identity A Genocide Emergency must be declared. 7. Extermination It is "extermination" to the killers because they do not believe their victims to be fully human At this stage, only rapid + overwhelming armed intervention can stop genocide. Safe areas or refugee escape corridors should be established w/ heavily armed international protection 8. Denial The perpetrators deny that they committed any crimes The response to denial is punishment by an international tribunal or international courts

Genocide in Rwanda • The 2 main ethnic groups in Rwanda are the Tutsi and the Hutu. Unknown whether or not they were once 1 ethnic group that was split by the Belgium colonists or 2 ethnic groups further divided by the colonists • Belgium backed a government led by the Tutsis and the Tutsis became disproportionately wealthy • Violence periodically broke out between the 2 groups • For several years in the early 1990 s, Hutu radio stations repeatedly called for the death of the “cockroaches” (Tutsis)

Genocide in Rwanda • (1994) A plane carrying the Hutu president of Rwanda was shot down • Hutu extremists immediately began rounding up and murdering Tutsis over a period of 100 days killing approximately ½ -1 million, many were killed by machetes • Tutsi rebels finally overthrew the Hutu extremists

Genocide in Darfur (Sudan) • Began with drought, desertification, and overpopulation • Feelings of neglect, combined with allegations that the government was arming Arab tribesmen to raid non-Arab villages, led to a 2003 rebel attack on a Sudanese Air Force Base in North Darfur

Genocide in Darfur (Sudan) • In response, the government began training and arming of Arab militias, historic rivals of the rebellious groups. • These militias came to be known as the Janjaweed - “devil on horseback. ” • Janjaweed raiders engage in mass terror of -Arab villages, murdering and displacing civilians, looting and burning food stocks, and enslaving and raping women and children. • The opposing rebels have also committed atrocities • Millions have become refugees • Largest ongoing genocide today non

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Apartheid • A system of institutionalized racial segregation and discrimination that existed in South Africa from 1948 to 1990 s

Nelson Mandela • A South African anti-apartheid revolutionary. • Political leader and philanthropist • Served 27 years in prison and was released in 1990. • First black president in South Africa. He served as the President of South Africa from 1994 to 1999.

The Israel and Palestine Conflict • Reasons for current situation in the Middle East: 1. Decolonization 2. Creation of Israel 3. Oil 4. Cold War – USSR helped Arabs 5. Rise of Islamic factions in government 6. Terrorism

Religion and the Middle East 1. Judaism: God promised the land to Abraham for his people 2. Christianity: Jesus of Nazareth born 4 -7 A. D. preached and lived till 30 -33 Christianity established as a separate religion after His death 3. Islam: Muhammad born in Mecca 570 A. D. around 40 years old believed he had an encounter with angel Gabriel. Muhammad Died in 632

Religion and the Middle East • City of Jerusalem: • Jews - most holy city • Christians – Jesus lived, preached, and died there • Muslims – Muhammad transported from Mecca to Jerusalem and ascended to Heaven

Blue = Jewish Yellow = Christian Green = Muslim

Conflict in the Middle East • During WWI the British government made conflicting promises: - told Arabs they would get independence to get them to fight - Balfour Declaration (intended to get USA into WWI) supported creation of an Israeli homeland in the region

Conflict in the Middle East • Countries in the region gain independence after WWII EXCEPT for Palestine • Jews migrate there after Holocaust • Fighting ensues • Britain gives the problem to the UN

• Red = Palestine • Blue = Israel • Jerusalem = International city • Palestine would be partitioned into 2 independent nations – Israel and Palestine • Zionists were mostly agreeable, but Arabs were not

Israel’s Independence • May 1948 as soon as the British leave the country • Arabs start fighting • Although USA recognized the state of Israel immediately, it did not supply arms to Israel (or to other countries in the region) • Jews still win independence

Israel’s Independence • Left due to anticipation of war (encouraged by Arab leaders) and in a few cases expelled by Israeli leaders due to military needs • Approximately ½ million Palestinian Refugees between 1947 -49 • Affects surrounding countries, especially Jordan

• Zionist and Palestinian landownership in percentages by sub-district, 1945 Red = Palestinian Blue = Zionist White = Public and Other

• Boundaries after the war

The Sues Crisis • 1956 - The Suez Canal is a valuable trade route • Egypt’s president nationalizes it and plans to forbid Israelis from using it. • British, French, and Israelis instigate a fight • Israel gains territory • President Eisenhower royally ticked, threatens Israel, and they withdrawal

The Sues Crisis • Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) • Created in 1963 by Arab nations • INTENDED to be a terrorist organization • Led for many years by Yasser Arafat • 1974, Arab nations claim it to be the legitimate authority of the Palestinians

• Israeli settlements in occupied territories

6 Day War • 1967, Israel’s neighbors blockade the Gulf of Aqaba • Israel humiliates them in 6 days, gains territories of Suez Canal, West Bank, East Jerusalem, and Golan Heights • UN acknowledged Israel’s right to exist, but said they were to return the territories which they didn’t do

Yom Kippur War • 1973 -74 – Egypt and Syria attack on the most holy Jewish holiday • UN intervenes • Suez Canal returned to Egypt

Camp David Accords • 1979, The President of Egypt, the Prime Minister of Israel, and President Jimmy Carter meet • Israel returns Sinai peninsula • Egypt grants Israel access to the Suez Canal • Agree to send ambassadors • Egypt formally recognizes Israel as an independent nation – it is the 1 st Arab country to do so • Egypt expelled from Arab League

Oslo Peace Accords • 1 st direct, face-to-face agreement between Israel and political representatives of Palestinians. • The PLO would be officially recognized by Israel as the governing body of the Palestinian people and be afforded self-governing in parts of the West Bank and Gaza Strip.

Oslo Peace Accords • The PLO in turn recognized Israel's right to exist and renounced its intent to attack and destroy that state. • “Permanent issues" such as border security and Israeli settlements were left out of the accords purposely, to be resolved in other talks.

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Challenges facing Central Asia • Made up of Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan, Afghanistan, and Tajikistan (“stan” means land) • Some of the poorest countries in the world • All were once part of the USSR, except for Afghanistan

Challenges facing Central Asia • After the collapse of the USSR in 1991 these countries have struggled economically, due partly to their dependence on the USSR and to their dependence on a single crop – cotton, but some of the countries have oil reserves and could improve their economies • Also have trouble with ethnic strife

Afghanistan • People are predominately Muslim • One of the least-developed countries in the world • Mountainous and desert terrain • Throughout the 1800 s until 1919 it has been fought over by Russia and Britain

Afghanistan • 1978, a group with ties to the USSR overthrows the government • Most Afghans were unhappy because they believed communism went against many Islamic beliefs. • They formed a group known as the Mujahedeen (Muslim holy warriors). They fought With the USSR for 10 years (backed by the US and other countries) and won

Rise of the Taliban • After defeating the Soviets, Afghanistan was ruled by warlords. • A conservative Islamic group would take power known as the Taliban. It would eventually control 90% of the country. The rest was controlled by a group known as the Northern Alliance. • Initially, the Taliban was viewed positively because it brought law and order, fought corruption, and encouraged business growth.

Fall of the Taliban • Eventually looked down on because it followed an extreme interpretation of Islam • women were forbidden from going to school or holding jobs • had to be completely covered when out in public, • Television and movies were banned, etc… • Breaking laws resulted in severe punishments • beatings, amputations, execution • Especially troubling was their support of terrorism.

Fall of the Taliban • They would eventually be driven from power by the US after refusing to turn over Osama bin Laden after Sept. 11 th attacks. • Osama Bin Laden would be tracked down and killed by U. S. forces on May 2, 2011 • New government faces many challenges in rebuilding the country.