The ColdBlooded Vertebrates Chapter 13 B Body Systems

The Cold-Blooded Vertebrates Chapter 13 B Body Systems in Vertebrates

Circulatory System • All vertebrates have blood • Blood circulates due to pumping action of heart

Circulatory System • Blood: – Brings food to cells – Transports oxygen and carbon dioxide – Other substances taken to and from cells

Circulatory System • Oxygenated blood has abundant oxygen • Deoxygenated blood has given most of its oxygen to body cells and has taken on carbon dioxide

Circulatory System • Vertebrate hearts contain chambers • Blood is pumped in one direction only – Arteries – Veins

Circulatory System • Fish have twochambered hearts • Most reptiles and adult amphibians have three -chambered hearts

Circulatory System • Birds and mammals have four-chambered hearts – Two chambers pump oxygenated blood – Two chambers pump deoxygenated blood

Evidence of Design • Irreducible complexity – Heart – Gills (or lungs) for gas exchange – Blood – Muscles, nerves, and hormones

Evidence of Design • Irreducible complexity – Blood vessels – Respiratory system – How could the cells survive before everything else developed?

Respiratory System • Supplies body with oxygen • Carries away carbon dioxide waste • Gills are used by vertebrates living in water – Some invertebrates, too

Respiratory System • Gills – Capillaries – Exchange of carbon dioxide in blood for oxygen in water – Deoxygenated blood becomes oxygenated blood

Counter current flow

Respiratory System • Lungs – Air chambers – Capillaries – Deoxygenated blood becomes oxygenated blood – Breathing – Diaphragm

Nervous System • Central nervous system (CNS) – Brain – Spinal cord

Nervous System • Peripheral nervous system (PNS) – Nerves • Cranial nerves • Spinal nerves – Sensory receptors – Sensory organs

Nervous System • PNS receives stimuli • PNS carries impulses from CNS to various muscles and organs • Reactions are controlled in the CNS

Digestive System • Mouth – Some mechanical and chemical digestion in certain animals • Esophagus • Stomach – Some chemical digestion, but mostly mechanical digestion

Digestive System • Small intestine – Digestive enzymes for chemical digestion – Site of diffusion for digested nutrients – Helped by accessory organs

Digestive System (Accessory Organs) • Liver – Bile – Gallbladder • Pancreas

Digestive System • Large intestine – Water absorption • Anus

Digestive System • Groups based on the food they eat: – Herbivores – Carnivores – Omnivores

Excretory System • Kidneys • Ureter • Urinary bladder

The Cold-Blooded Vertebrates Chapter 13 C Fish

Fish • Ectothermic • Live in water

Fish Anatomy • Propulsion – Swim bladder • Closed circulatory system – Two-chambered heart – Blood vessels

Fish Anatomy • Scales • Lateral line • Most fish reproduce by spawning – A few give birth to live fish

Fish Groups • Jawless fish – No jaws, scales, or paired fins – Lampreys and hagfish

Fish Groups • Cartilaginous fish – Endoskeleton is made of cartilage – Have jaws, scales, and paired fins – Sharks, skates, rays

Fish Groups • Bony fish – Largest group – Endoskeleton is made of bone – Have jaws and paired fins

The Cold-Blooded Vertebrates Chapter 13 D Amphibians

Amphibians Ectothermic vertebrates that usually live in water when young but can live on land when adults

Development • Amphibians are the only vertebrates that undergo metamorphosis • Young have gills; adults have lungs

Development • Two-chambered heart to three-chambered heart • Growth of limbs

Amphibian Groups • Those with tails in adulthood • Those without tails in adulthood

Tailless Amphibians • Frogs and toads • Resorb tails during metamorphosis • Hibernation • Estivation

Tailless Amphibians • Salamanders – Many found in Appalachian region of southeastern US – Usually small

The Cold-Blooded Vertebrates Chapter 13 E Reptiles

Reptiles • Breathe air with lungs • Do not experience metamorphosis • Dry, scaly skin • Three-chambered heart • Most lay eggs

Reptile Groups • • Snakes and lizards Alligators and crocodiles Turtles Tuataras

Snakes and Lizards • Molting • Snakes do not hear or see well • Snakes are carnivores • Snakes can swallow prey

Snakes and Lizards • Snakes can be found in almost any environment • Lizards are usually found in warm/hot, dry places

Crocodiles and Alligators • Usually in tropical or subtropical climates • Usually found in fresh water • Only two species in the United States

Turtles • • Sea turtles Tortoises Terrapins Two hard, bony shells