The Cold War The Cold War Why did

The Cold War

The Cold War

Why did a “Cold War” develop?

1. Ideology

Marxism: The “Communist Manifesto” Workers (proletariat) deprived of wealth they create by the bourgeoisie (wealthy) n Government is run by bourgeoisie n Religion is an opiate for the masses n Therefore: n Worker should be loyal to nothing except his own class n

Marxism n n Founder of ‘Communism’ Working class people will: n n Rise up in revolution Overthrow governments Implement communism Share the wealth

World Response to Communism n Russian Revolution n n GB, FR, US aid white armies Red scare in the West n n Will Communism spread? ? ? Can it happen here? ?

2. “ I love the Russian but I think we should shake hands with them as far East as possible. ”

3. USSR Takes Control of Eastern Europe n USSR occupied and took complete control of all territory on its western border

Soviets Tighten Grip on Eastern Europe n Satellite nations = communist governments controlled by the Soviet Union n n n n Albania Bulgaria Czechoslovakia Hungary Romania Yugoslavia (Communist but Stalin could not control Tito) Poland Soviets ban elections and democracy Install communist puppet dictators

When did it start?

Tehran Conference Nov-Dec 1943 n n The conference was held to strengthen the cooperation of the United States, Great Britain, and the USSR in World War II. Agreement was reached on the scope and timing of operations against Germany, including plans for the Allied invasion of France. Stalin reaffirmed his pledge to commit Soviet forces against Japan after the defeat of Germany. The final communiqué also stressed the need for cooperation through the United Nations in meeting the problems of peace.

Feb. 1945: The “Big 3” at the Yalta Conference

Potsdam Conference

Iron Curtain n n “A shadow has fallen upon the scenes so lately lighted by the Allied victory…From Stettin the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended across the Continent…” -- Churchill Iron curtain is an invisible dividing line between the east (Communist) and West (Democracies)

…the Soviet view

So why was there a Cold War

US Fears n Spread of Communism n Civil war in Greece n n n Communist could win Soviets could expand take over Turkey Chinese Civil War n Mao and Communists

Tomas Masaryk n n Foreign Minister of Czechoslovakia Strong anticommunist 10 March 1948 found dead, in his pajamas, under an open window in the Ministry building Soon afterward, Communists took control of government

US Response to Iron Curtain Con n ‘Policy of the US is to support free peoples who are resisting subjugation by armed minorities or outside pressures’ tain -- Truman n men t Truman Doctrine: Prevent the spread of Communism anywhere in the world

Truman Doctrine

Marshall Plan n General George C. Marshall n n n War hero Secretary of State & Defense Nobel Peace Prize Winner in 1953 n n 16 countries receive $13 billion in aid from US Why? n n n Rebuild war-torn Europe Aid starving people Contain the spread of communism

n n Why spend all the money? Impoverished people are more likely to turn to Communism i. e. , poverty ‘breeds’ Communism US money helped prevent the spread of Communism Marshall Plan Theory

Central Intelligence Agency n Created in 1947 n Signed by Truman n n Protect US national security Coordinate nation’s intelligence

The Berlin Blockade 1948 -49 n n n Democracy vs Communism Control over Berlin Reconstruction of Germany

Berlin Blockade and Long-term Causes

Berlin Blockade and Short –term/Immediate Causes AND… n 2. 1 million residents of West Berlin n Had enough food for the 1 st five weeks n Starvation n Eating grass Scrounging Fuel n Chopped down all trees

Berlin Blockade 1948 n So why did Stalin do this?

Western Options For each one, consider: n Advantages? n Disadvantages?

Western options cont’d

Berlin Airlift n n n 277, 000 flights 327 days 2. 3 million tons n n Food Fuel Medicine Even Christmas presents

Warsaw Pact n n n Relations between US & Soviet Union improve until… West Germany rearms & joins NATO in 1955 Soviet Union created a military alliance named the Warsaw Pact in response: East Germany Poland Hungary Soviet Union Czechoslovakia Romania Albania Bulgaria

NATO n n North Atlantic Treaty Organization Why created? Fear of Communism Pledge of military support Standing army of 500, 000 n n NATO Flag Largely US Members: US Canada Denmark Belgium Luxembourg Iceland France Italy Great Britain Norway The Netherlands Portugal Turkey Greece West Germany