The Cold War The Cold War Origins Learning

The Cold War

The Cold War: Origins Learning Intentions Success Criteria I will be able to explain the term Cold War Take part in class discussion I will be able to describe why the Allies’ relationship began to waver I will be able to demonstrate my knowledge of this relationship by explaining how it effected the politics of the time Complete the table

What do we mean by the ‘Cold War’ From the end of WWII to 1991, the world was engulfed in a clash of ideologies Capitalism (United States of America) vs. Communism (Soviet Union) Europe was the main theatre for this clash, but as you will see, it was not solely confined to Europe The reason why it is known as the ‘Cold War’ is that whilst the situation seemed tense, the two Superpowers never physically went to war with each other

The Big Three Clement Atlee (GB), President Truman (USA) and Joseph Stalin (Soviet Union)

The cost of victory The Allies were victorious in Europe on the 8 May but fighting raged on in Asia until 15 Aug. The World War had lasted 6 years and the cost of victory was evident Russia was the worst hit by the war – Hitler’s invasion and retreat had left the country in ruins

What to do with Germany? This was the second time that Germany had been on the losing side of a world war However the Allies wanted to avoiding making the same mistakes as before in terms of how they dealt with Germany It was decided that Germany would be split into four administrative zones, each run by one of the four Allies (GB, USA, Soviet Union and France) Berlin was to suffer a similar fate This was only ever meant to be a temporary measure – it was always the Allies’ hope that Germany could be unified in the close future

Friend or Foe? However Russia was not satisfied with this approach Stalin wanted to take reparations off Germany for two reasons: to pay for the damage that the Nazis caused during their invasion To protect the Soviet Union from another invasion When the Allies did not approve, Stalin extended his influence over Eastern Europe and installed Communist Governments in each country, which would be loyal to him The alliance between Russia and the other Allies began to sour

In March 1948, the French, British and Americans merged their three sections of Germany into one, single entity with a common currency They did the same in Berlin Stalin viewed this as an act of aggression and intimidation directed at the Soviet Union In response, Stalin tried to force the Allies out of Berlin

The Berlin Blockade Berlin was in the heart of the Soviet sphere of influence After the emergence of Trizonia, Stalin ordered that all canals, roads and railway lines to Berlin be blocked (24 June 1948) No aid could get into Berlin, unless it was sent in by Russia Stalin hoped to starve the Allies out of Berlin

Allied Response – Food Parcels The Allies realised that they could not break through the blockade without starting another war So they decided to provide the aid which West Berlin needed by aircraft Over 200, 000 flights carrying aid were launched over the next year 70 pilots lost their lives performing airlifts

Lifting of the Blockade Stalin realised that he could not risk shooting down the Allied ships without provoking another war Up until Aug. 1949, the USA was the only nation to have nuclear weapons On the 12 May 1949, Stalin ordered the lifting of the blockade

Consequences of the Blockade As a result of the Blockade, Russia placed a communist government in charge of their sector and renamed it The German Democratic Republic Also known as GDR or East Germany The Western Allies followed suit Their sector was called the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) or West Germany Restrictions in movement between the two states were imposed There was now little hope of Germany being unified

Copy the table into your jotter and place the events into chronological order 1939 Russia successfully tests her first nuclear bomb May 1945 Allies declare victory in Europe Aug. 1945 Stalin is forced to end the blockade due to the airlifts carried out by the Allies Mar. 1948 Russia blocks off all roads, canals and railway lines into Berlin in an attempt to force out the Allies Jun. 1948 America, France and Britain merge their sections of Germany to create Trizonia May 1949 Allies defeat Japan after America dropped two nuclear bombs May 1949 War breaks out in Europe after the German invasion of Poland Aug. 1949 Europe witnessed the creation of West and East Germany

Proxy Wars: Korea Learning Intentions Success Criteria I will be able to explain what a proxy war is and use examples to reinforce my explanations Take part in class discussion I will be able to use the Korean War to explain the current political situation in Korea now Complete task

What do we mean when we use the term ‘proxy war’? These are wars which are instigated by a major world power But the power does not get directly involved itself Who do you think the major world powers responsible for starting the proxy wars were?

Origins of the Korean Conflict Throughout WWII, Korea had been occupied by, and incorporated into, the Japanese Empire During the latter stages of the war in the Pacific, Korea was liberated by the Americans and the Russians Russia liberated the country from the North, America from the South As a result, two governments were established in the country One Communist, one Capitalist The original plan was that elections would be held so that one government ruled over the country

1950 In 1950, an election to reunify Korea under one government was meant to take place However, before it could be held the North, under the leadership of Kim Il Sung, invaded the South in an act of open warfare By Sept. the Communists controlled all but a small pocket of South Korea President Truman condemned the North Koreans and called upon the UN to pressure Kim Il Sung to remove his troops Whilst he did this, he also sent advisors, warships and supplies to the South Koreans Truman did not want Korea to become a Communist country as he feared it would spread like a disease throughout Asia

The UN approved of Truman’s suggestions and they resolved to use member country’s forces to aid the South By the following month (Oct. ), the UN and South’s forces had successfully repelled the North’s invasion and pushed them back over their original border This achieved the objective which the UN had set The Chinese Communists warned the UN forces against pushing further into North Korea If they continued with this policy, China threatened to enter the war

However, the commander of the forces, General Mac. Arthur, decided to push further into North Korea He only stopped when he was close to the Korean-Chinese border China responded by sending it’s army to aid the North Koreans Who do you think supplied the Chinese with their modern weaponry? The UN forces were pushed back into South Korea The war reached a stalemate around the original border 38 th parallel

How did the war end? In 1951, Truman removed Mac. Arthur from his command He directly threatened China with nuclear war – America did not want to start a direct war with China as that would begin a war with Russia Peace talks between the North and the South in June 1951 – but fighting continued during the talks Eisenhower becoming President in 1952 and the death of Stalin in 1953 helped to end the war Eisenhower pledged to the American people that he would end the war and as a result of the death of Stalin, the Chinese and North Koreans were less confident of the support they would have received from Russia

Armistice An armistice was signed between the North and South in July 1953 This brought an end to the fighting and a common border was drawn along the 38 th parallel However, no peace agreement was signed by the warring factions The two countries are still in a state of armistice The North is still Communist and the South is still Capitalist

Activity Complete the question sheet – write your answers, using full sentences, in your jotters

A cold breeze descends over Berlin and Florida Learning Intentions Success Criteria I will be able to understand explain how the Cold War affected life in Berlin Take part in class discussion I will be able to explain how the world narrowly avoided a nuclear war Answer a 4 mark question about the Berlin Wall Complete the ‘advisor’ tasks

Berlin’s position in the Cold War Berlin was the flash pot of tension during the Cold War The city was a mirror image of Germany One half benefited from Capitalism, the other was oppressed by Communism In 1961, the Soviet Government ordered that a wall be built through the middle of Berlin This cut off the West from the East The wall became the most prominent symbol associated with the Cold War and oppression of Communism

Picture of the Wall

Reasons for the construction of the Berlin Wall Before the wall was assembled, it was relatively easy to cross from the East to the West and vice versa As a result of this, the Russians were afraid that the Western Allies were using West Berlin as a launch pad to send spies into Eastern Europe Many East Germans realised that they could get better jobs and have a better standard of living in the West In order to get to the West, all they had to do was go to West Berlin and buy a flight out of the city What sort of people do you think were likely to leave in this way? East Germany lost around 250, 000 educated people who could economically benefit the state in the 1950 s By 1961, their exodus from the country was threatening to bankrupt East Germany

Consequences of the Wall Many families found themselves split up from each other, with no way of seeing their loved ones The Communists placed sentries to guard the wall and catch those who tried to cross into West Berlin In the 28 years the Wall existed, 86 people were shot dead trying to cross from East to West Berlin Many more people, however, managed to escape across the wall

Photo of someone being arrested after attempting to crossing the wall

Activity In your jotters, answer the following question, using the DACPAL method Remember, DACPAL stands for: Date Author Content Purpose Accuracy Limits

Source A: Modern historian writing about the Berlin Wall Since 1949 money was poured into West Berlin to turn it into a show piece for capitalism and highlight the poverty of East Germany. East Germans could travel freely into West Berlin and, if they wished, they need never return home. Berlin was a hole in the Iron Curtain. West Berlin was also ideally situated for spreading anti-Soviet propaganda and for spying on East Germany. Khrushchev put pressure on Kennedy to do a deal. However Kennedy stood firm and Khrushchev was forced to find a solution to the problem of West Berlin. On the morning of 13 th August 1961 East German soldiers erected a barbed wire fence along the border between East and West Berlin, stopping all movement between the sectors. It was quickly replaced by a concrete wall which became a symbol of communist oppression. Study Source A. What does Source A tell us about the impact of the Berlin Wall on the lives of the people of Berlin? [4]

Cuban Missile Crisis: Background

Cuba is a large island, only 160 km from Florida Due to its close proximity, a lot of American businesses had been established there alongside a naval base However, this alliance came to an end in 1959 The leader of Cuba, a dictator called Batista, was removed in a coup by Fidel Castro quickly broke off any ties with America and created a new Communist Government Who do you think Cuba’s new ally was?

Russia openly announced in 1962 that it was supplying Cuba with conventional arms (guns, missiles, boats, jets, tanks) to defend itself against America Cuba became the best armed country in Latin America This began to alarm America, why? Russia could begin to supply Cuba with nuclear missiles, which if launched from the island could reach 2000 miles inland in 20 minutes This would mean that the US early warning system, which detected incoming missiles, would not have enough time to go off On 11 Sept. President Kennedy warned Russia that he do all in his power to prevent Cuba becoming Russia’s nuclear missile site The same day Russia responded and said that it was not going to put any nuclear weapons on Cuba nor did it have any intention to

Presidents Khrushchev (Russia) and J. F. Kennedy (America)

Look at the picture carefully What are the two Presidents doing? What does this represent? What are they sitting on?

A bird’s eye view On 14 Oct. , during a reconnaissance mission over Cuba, a U 2 spy plane took pictures of what appeared to be missile sites After a detailed examination, the us determined that the sites were being built by the Russians and that they were nuclear missile bases Over the next two days, the US carried out further missions to determine if other bases had been built These missions found that some sites were near completion whilst others were still under construction – experts determined that it would take 7 days to complete them They also discovered that 20 Russian ships, containing missiles, were inbound for Cuba

Kennedy’s options On 16 Oct. Kennedy was presented with five different courses of action Do nothing The argument for was that the Americans had more nuclear weapons than Russia, so they would never start a war However, if they did nothing, America would look weak on the international stage Order an air strike An air strike would destroy the missiles before they could be used If they didn’t destroy all the missiles, they could still be used against them. Also, the attack would have killed Russian soldiers, which would cause Russia to retaliate

Invade Cuba This would get rid of the missiles and Castro – America could install a ruler who would ally Cuba with America If they did invade Cuba, Russia would respond by either protecting Cuba or invading West Berlin Diplomatic pressure This method would avoid any conflict If the US had to make concessions, they would appear weak Blockade Cuba using the US Navy This would show that the US was serious but it would not be a direct act of war It does not solve the problem about what to do with the missiles that are already on Cuba

Activity Imagine you are an advisor to Kennedy. It is your job to go through the five options and choose which two you would present to Kennedy to pick from. Once you have made your decision, you have to explain why you have rejected the three you have

Kennedy’s choice - Blockade

On 22 Oct. Kennedy announces the blockade and calls on Russia to withdraw the weapons The following day Kennedy receives a letter informing him that Russia will not observe the blockade On the 25 Oct. the 500 mile blockade of Cuba begins Any ships close to the zone either stop their approach or turn round Despite this, new photographs show that work on the missile sites continue 26 Oct. - Kennedy receives a letter from Russia. It claims the missiles are purely defensive but if America drops the blockade, Russia may remove the missiles

27 Oct. – War is… In Washington - Kennedy received a second letter on the 27 th Russia had changed her mind and stated that missiles in Cuba would only be removed if American missiles in Turkey were removed Kennedy refuses Meanwhile in Cuba – An American spy plane is shot down and the pilot is killed The President’s advisors recommend that he should launch an immediate reprisal attack on Cuba

Activity In pairs, discuss what you would do in this situation if you were President Kennedy Would you launch a reprisal attack on Cuba? Or would you choose a different path to follow?

Kennedy’s choice – War is… adverted Kennedy ignores the advice presented to him and delays an attack on Cuba He also sends a reply to Russia, accepting the terms of the first letter and gives them the warning that if Russia doesn’t withdraw her ships, an attack will occur 28 Oct. Russia gives the order to dismantle the missiles and for the ships to return home America won the arm wrestle!

Consequences of the Cuban Missile Crisis Both Presidents looked as if they had won the fight America made sure that Russia removed the nuclear missiles Russia still had an ally in America’s back garden A Hotline (direct telephone line) was installed between the White House and the Kremlin so that such a crisis could be avoided in the future The following year 1963, the Nuclear Test Ban Treaty was passed This limited the number of nuclear tests which each nation could carry out

Proxy Wars on TV: Vietnam Learning Intentions Success Criteria I will understand why a war broke out in Vietnam and the role which America played in it Take part in class discussion I will be able to explain the tactics used by both sides and why the Viet Cong won I will discover the role which the media played during the war Complete the news broadcast

Origins of the Conflict Vietnam used to be a part of the French Empire It was know as Indochina When France surrendered to Germany in 1940, her ally in the East, Japan, took control of the country Yet, they met resistance to their rule Under the leadership of Ho Chi Minh, the Viet Minh fought against the Japanese When WWII ended, Ho Chi Minh entered the of Hanoi (in the north) and declared Vietnam independent

Viet Minh soldiers

Unfortunately of Ho Chi Minh, the French had other ideas In 1945, they wanted their colony back This led to the outbreak of war in 1946 Ho Chi Minh had, as of yet, not declared that he wanted a Communist Vietnam Why do you think this was? America was sympathetic towards the Viet Minh They saw the war as a fight for independence, not as a Communist takeover

1949 When the Communists took over China, they began to supply the Viet Minh The Americans now saw the war in a new light and began to give aid to the French They even went as far as to help the French establish a new government in the South The war ended in 1954, after the defeat of the French at Dien Bien Phu The country was divided into North and South Vietnam until elections could be held to reunite the country in 1956

American involvement in Vietnam America feared the spread of Communism throughout Asia so they prevented the elections from taking place This way the Communist wouldn’t control the whole country They installed Ngo Dinh Diem as President of the Republic of South Vietnam

President Ngo Dinh Diem Positives He was anti-Communist He was not afraid to arrest and exile Communists Negatives He belonged to the Landlord class – he treated peasants poorly He was Christian and showed little respect to the Buddhist religion His regime was corrupt – family members got important jobs and he refused to hold elections

Buddhist Monk Clip We are about to see a clip of a protest carried out by a Buddhist monk against the Diem regime The scene is quite shocking so if anyone wants to leave the room, then they can do so

President Ngo Dinh Diem Positives He was anti-Communist He was not afraid to arrest and exile Communists Negatives He belonged to the Landlord class – he treated peasants poorly He was Christian and showed little respect to the Buddhist religion His regime was corrupt – family members got important jobs and he refused to hold elections He was overthrown by his supporters in 1963

How do you think the Vietnamese peasants reacted to the policies of Diem’s government?

Viet Cong In 1960, the National Front for the Liberation of South Vietnam was established Also known as the Viet Cong With the support of the Communist North and many of the peasant population, the Viet Cong began a guerrilla campaign against the South They attacked government forces, officials and buildings They also focused their attention on American air and supply bases

Initial American Reaction By 1962, Kennedy was sending military personnel, or advisors, to help the South fight against the Viet Cong As tensions in the region escalated, so did the number of American troops present in Vietnam Yet, Kennedy said that he did not want America to ‘blunder into war, unclear about aims or how to get out again’ 1964 saw a change of direction in American policy towards Vietnam

Events that shocked a nation American policy changed for two reasons – President Kennedy was assassinated in 1963 and his successor, President Johnson was prepared to commit to a full scale war North Vietnamese patrol boats fired upon US ships in the Gulf of Tonkin On the 8 Mar. 1965 America was at war in Vietnam

Fighting the Viet Cong The Americans thought that due to their superior technology and weapons, they would win an easy victory – the initial statistics supported this opinion 1965 – Viet Cong had 170, 000 soldiers and weapons supplied by China and Russia However they were still outnumbered by the South Vietnamese government and the US Ho Chi Minh knew that the Viet Cong would not defeat the Americans in open warfare so he resolved to use guerrilla tactics

Advantages for adopting guerrilla tactics Guerrilla fighters didn’t wear uniforms – this made it hard for the Americans to find them They had no camps or bases They operated in small groups with limited weapons They would attack the Americans and then run back into the jungle or down their tunnels These tactics wore down the Americans and reduced their morale Many lived in constant fear of being ambushed

Tactics used by the Americans Bombing Operation Rolling Thunder was launched in 1965. This targeted military bases and industries in the North Chemical Weapons Agent Orange a highly toxic weed killer was used to destroy the jungle where the Viet Cong was hiding Napalm (jellied petroleum) was used to destroy the jungle but it also burnt through the skin to the bone Search and destroy These raids would make use of helicopters to destroy Viet Cong strongholds however they weren’t effective

Apocalypse Now Scene We are about to watch a scene from Apocalypse Now. I have to warn you, there is violence and swearing in the scene. If anyone doesn’t want to watch it, feel free to step out. In this scene, we are about to see one of the methods used by the Americans to rout the Viet Cong.

Turning points The Tet Offensive 1968 The Communists attacked over 100 cities and other military targets – one unit tried to capture the US embassy It was a disaster for the Communists – the Americans managed to push them back However it made the Americans question their purpose in the war The My Lai Massacre (Mar. 1968) Charlie Company was sent to My Lai, under the impression it was a Viet Cong stronghold In four hours between 300 -400 civilians were killed – mostly women, children and old men. It was seen as a success A year later, a letter and a series of photographs published in Life magazine were produced that triggered a trail for mass murder against one of the offices, Calley He was found guilty and sentenced to 20 years hard labour

The first televised war For the first time, the press was able to show the public what the war truly looked like Pictures, like the ones shown in this lesson, were broadcast all across America and the world How do you think the public reacted to such photos and footage? Protests broke out across America calling for the President to pull their troops out of the war At one such protest, the National Guard had to be called in to break it up – four students were killed In 1969, almost 700, 000 anti-war protesters demonstrated in Washington DC – this was the largest political protest in American history

A South Vietnamese police officer executes a man believed to be a member of the Viet Cong

End of the War for America After the Tet Offensive, it was concluded that the war could not be won militarily In Mar. 1968 a peace conference began in Paris Between 1969 -73, the Americans tried to bring an end to the US involvement in Vietnam In 1972, the North failed to conquer the South Jan. 1973, representatives from America and the North and South signed a peace agreement – by Mar. the American forces had left Vietnam

The fall of the South Without the support of the Americans or the majority of its own population, the South could not survive for long In Dec. 1974, the North launched another offensive The capital, Saigon, fell in Apr. 1975 After a 30 year struggle, the fate of Vietnam had been settled The Communists won

Task The war in Vietnam was the first televised war and the images which were broadcasted across America and Europe turned opinions against the American forces. You have to produce a news broadcast, which will be filmed, either describing the events of the Tet Offensive or the My Lai Massacre. You should include: details of what happened (dates etc), images taken from the time and interviews from people present. You must also give your news broadcast an angle – was America defeated?

The Race To Space Learning Intentions Success Criteria I will understand why there was a race to space Take part in class discussion I will be able to describe the events and explain why America won Complete the activities

Why race to space? After the end of WWII, Russia felt, that in order to retain her status as a super power, it had to been on par with America in terms of economy and weapons However, when America dropped the first nuclear bomb over Hiroshima, it was clear to the Russians that they had a lot of catching up to do In 1949, 4 years after America, Russia detonated her first nuclear bomb In 1953, a year after America, Russia detonated her first Hbomb It was clear that if Russia was going to take the lead in any race, it had to be the one to space

Sputnik Oct. 1957, Russia took the lead in the space race as it launched Sputnik (Traveller) This was the first manmade object and the first satellite sent into space America was not pleased after the launch They believed that if the Russians could launch an object into space, they would have the ability to launch a nuclear missile at the US

America responded in 1958 by sending her own satellite into orbit NASA was also established in this year Yet Russia was still a step ahead Luna 2 (1959) was the first space probe to hit the moon Yuri Gagarin was the first man to orbit the earth in Apr. 1961 May 1961 - Alan Shepard was the first American in space, but not orbit After Shepard’s mission, President Kennedy claimed that America would put a man on the moon before the end of the decade

Yuri Gagarin – the first man that orbited the earth

America takes the lead Dec. 1968 saw the launch of Apollo 8 This was the first manned space mission to orbit the moon It was followed up in Jul. 1969 with Apollo 11 The spaceship was manned by Neil Armstrong, Edwin "Buzz" Aldrin and Michael Collins This moon landing effectively won the space race for America Russia had made four attempts to launch a rocket to the moon with the purpose of making a landing but all four exploded

Activity Collect the worksheet You are going to put the story of the Space Race into a story board with 6 boxes You must include both text and pictures Give each box a title You should end you story with the American victory

Communism Crumbles Learning Intentions I will understand why Communism in Europe fell I will be able to explain the role which Gorbachev played in the downfall I will be able to describe the effects of Gorbachev’s policies had on Eastern Europe Success Criteria Take part in class discussion Complete the quiz Complete the tasks

Quiz 1. Who were the main Super Powers after WWII? 2. What construction became the symbol for the Cold War? 3. How many sections was Germany originally split into? 4. Name the countries that administered a section of Germany. 5. The first man made object sent to space is called Sputnik in Russian. What is it in English? 6. Name three American astronauts that landed on the moon 7. What tactics did the Viet Cong use to fight the Americans? 8. When was the peace treaty signed that ended the Korean War? 9. When was the Berlin Wall built? 10. Which country did Russia try to place nuclear missiles on before America told them not to?

Answers 1. America and Russia 2. Berlin Wall 3. Four sections 4. France, America, Britain, Russia 5. Traveller Neil Armstrong, Edwin "Buzz" Aldrin and Michael Collins Guerrilla tactics There has yet to be a peace treaty signed between North and South Korea 1961 Cuba

Reasons for the downfall Communism was intended to create an equal society, which the workers ran However, towards the end of the 20 th Century, it was clear that Communism had failed to achieve this goal There were many reasons as to why this happened: Workers realised that no matter how hard they worked , they would still get the same low wage – many became lazy Local managers were not given the power to manage their own affairs – they were given instructions by those too high up to know anything about the local conditions The leadership became corrupt Many of the countries that had became Communist after the war were very poor and didn’t have any wealth to share As a result of feeling threatened by the West, Communist countries spent money which they couldn’t afford on weapons

Task – Mind map Take a clean page in your jotters and in the middle of the page, write the title ‘Reasons for the downfall of Communism’ Using the previous slide, take down the various reasons in pictorial form – no words allowed! Once you have completed this, pass it to the person next to you and it is their job to put labels to each picture.

1988 – The cracks begin to show In 1988, Gorbachev, President of Russia, pulled the Red Army out of the Communist countries in Europe It had been the Red Army’s job to maintain Communist rule in these countries Without the Red Army, many of these countries faced mass protests calling for free elections The ruling Communist parties had to give into the demands and accept their loss of power

The Wall Falls Down Nov. 1989 – The symbol of the Cold War, the Berlin Wall, was torn down as a response to protesters’ demands The German people threw parties as it came down and many attacked the wall themselves The wall had become irrelevant during the last year If any East German had wanted to cross into the West, they simply had to travel through one of the countries that had recently elected non-Communist Governments Within a year, the country had held free elections, removed the Communists from power and united itself with West Germany

However Communism died a slow death in Russia It took another 2 years until Communism came to an end Gorbachev relaxed many of the rules which gave the Communists their power – he gave the people back their freedom of speech and he allowed private trading with the aim to make a profit to restart How do you think the following groups reacted to these reforms? The leading Communists The general public

Aug. 1991 – Top officials of the Communist party attempted to overthrow Gorbachev by kidnapping him However, the people began to protest against this attempted coup and the army refused to put it down using violent means The kidnappers were forced to release Gorbachev Free elections were held and the Communists were defeated – Boris Yeltsin (a non-Communist) won 25 Dec. 1991 – The Communist flag fell from the Kremlin and was replaced by the Russian flag. The Communist party itself was banned

Activity Imagine that you are a resident of East Germany and have just witnessed the fall of the Berlin Wall. You have to write a letter to a relative/friend who lives in the UK and describe how your life has now changed. However it is up to you to decide if it has changed for the better or for the worse. As a class, we will create two mind-maps (containing feelings, attitudes etc. ) which will help you in writing your letters