The Cold War Setting the Context 1930s DEPRESSION

The Cold War

Setting the Context 1930’s DEPRESSION ERA 1940’s WORLD WAR II 1945 -1989 THE COLD WAR

United States & USSR ally to defeat Hitler

Lead Up to the Cold War �Where the Americans and Soviets really friends during WWII? �After the War, what did the U. S. have that made Stalin nervous and distrustful of the U. S. ? �How did Stalin get it? �Did the Americans and Soviets leave Germany immediately after WWII?

Post WWII Changes: A NEW WORLD DIVIDED The world was transformed after World War II. Western Democracies The West -Leader: United States - Governments: Democratic - Economies: Free Market Capitalism Eastern Soviet Communist Bloc The Eastern Bloc -Leader: USSR - Governments: Dictatorial - Economies: Marxist/Communist

The Eastern Bloc • Stalin wanted to “buffer zone” between the Soviet Union and Europe to prevent another invasion of the Soviet Union in the future. • Stalin installs pro-Soviet communist governments loyal to the USSR • Non-Democratic/Few freedoms

Churchill: THE IRON CURTAIN March 5, 1946: Churchill delivers a speech where he attacks the USSR for creating an “iron curtain A shadow has fallen upon the scenes so lately lighted by the Allied victory. Nobody knows what Soviet Russia and its Communist international organization intends to do in the immediate future, or what are the limits, if any, to their expansive tendencies. . . It is my duty to place before you certain facts about the present position in Europe. From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic an iron curtain has descended across the Continent. ”

The Iron Curtain: Division in Europe between Western Democracies & Eastern Communist Nations Europe DIVIDED. Soviets control east. America leads west.

Iron Curtain was Ideological! �Represented the ideological division of Europe between Democracy & Communism �NOT an actual curtain made of iron!

Post WWII Changes: A NEW WORLD DIVIDED The world was transformed after World War II. Western Democracies The West -Leader: United States - Governments: Democratic - Economies: Free Market Capitalism Eastern Soviet Communist Bloc The Eastern Bloc -Leader: USSR - Governments: Dictatorial - Economies: Marxist/Communist

What was the U. S. ’s greatest fear about the Soviet Union & Communism? That it would SPREAD! (USSR would expand make more countries Communist)

George Kennan �American diplomat, & expert on the Soviet Union �Wrote that Soviet Union was expansionist & at war with Capitalism & Democracy �Argued that Soviet Communism had to be resisted so that it could not expand (“containment”)

Kennan’s idea is adopted by President Truman

TRUMAN DOCTRINE �U. S. policy was to CONTAIN Soviet Communism where it currently was and NOT let it expand. �United States would send money or the military to countries that were threatened by the Soviets and would help support them to stay free and democratic.

REMEMBER! TRUMAN DOCTRINE = CONTAINMENT

Truman on the Truman Doctrine “I believe that it must be the policy of the United States to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures. I believe that we must assist free peoples to work out their own destinies in their own way. I believe that our help should be primarily through economic and financial aid which is essential to economic stability and orderly political processes. ”

R SS U n ive ece g ave f Gre h uld trol o o W con Civil War in Greece between government & Communists revolutionaries

Policy of Containment in Action in n o i l l ce. 0 mi e re 40 G $ r o e t ide s ov a d c n i e s m U. S. ry/econo a milit Democracy wins! Soviet Communism looses!

Europe (after WWII) in ruins Cities and farms destroyed • Europeans in poverty • What did U. S. • fear might happen?

Feared Communism might spread to Western Europe!

Marshall Plan �U. S. program to help REBUILD western Europe after WWII. � 1948 -1951: U. S. spends $13 Billion to rebuild factories, farms, homes, and provide food to Europeans. �HELPED FIGHT COMMUNISM BY MAKING WESTERN EUROPE PROSPEROUS AND SUPPORTIVE OF U. S. & DEMOCRACY!

Marshall Plan Flour 1948: Bags of flour are sent from NYC to Austria to relieve food shortages in Austria

EUROPEAN CITIES REBUILT

Turn to page 821 Read about the CRISIS IN BERLIN

Germany Divided in 4 Zones Berlin

The Soviets Response to Democracy in Berlin – June 1948 Soviet’s BLOCK & STOP all traffic going into West Berlin! Cut off 2. 1 million West Berliners from food & coal

Stalin’s Intent Push the U. S. , Britain & France OUT of Berlin. . . So the Soviets could have COMPLETE CONTROL of Berlin

HOW DOES AMERICA RESPOND?

Truman Sends in the Planes Truman orders a massive AIRLIFT to deliver food & supplies to Western Berlin

Berlin Airlift! From Dec. 1948 – Spring 1949: American fighter planes deliver 7, 000 tons of supplies p/day to West Berlin

Stalin Backs Down…Lifts Blockade! �May 12, 1949: Stalin lifts blockade �Shows Americans resolve to not give in to Stalin �Containment in action! �Cold War underway

NATO Western Europe FEARED the Soviet Union and its Red Army

NATO 1949: United States, Belgium, France, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, & the United Kingdom form. . . NATO The North Atlantic Treaty Organization A military alliance of the U. S. & Western European nations to protect each member against a Soviet attack. An attack on one NATO member was considered an attack on ALL NATO nations.

Truman signing the North Atlantic Treaty on April 4, 1949

NATO countries

NEXT… You will learn how and where the Cold War got HOT

KOREAN WAR �Korean Peninsula � 1905 -1945: Controlled by Japan � 1945: Allies defeat Japan. Take over Korea.

KOREA DIVIDED BETWEEN SOVIET UNION & USA Line of division

North/South Divide � USSR establishes a Kim Il Sung communist government in north called the People’s Republic of Korea � United States establishes free democratic Republic of Korea in the south Syngman Rhee

Both wanted to reunite Korea Sung: United Communist Korea / Rhee: United Democratic Korea

ATTACK! � June 25, 1950: North Korea crosses 38 th Parallel and invades South Korea �The North Korean weapons were from the USSR

WAR Truman decides to defend South Korea. . . Sends troops to fight. Gets the United Nations to agree to fight in Korea. United States fights alongside UN forces. It was called a Police Action and was led by Gen. Douglas Mac. Arthur.

Why did Truman decided to fight in Korea?

War starts bad for US/UN Army �North Koreans push US/UN forces to southern tip of Korea �US/UN hold port of Pusan

Mac. Arthur’s Plan �Bold plan to send troops north through the Yellow Sea and attack North Korea from the rear �September 15 1950: 70, 000 troops invade Inchon from water

Inchon Invasion

Push north until Chinese get involved

US/UN Retreats

Stalemate

READING � 10 th Graders: Turn to pp. 837 -841. Read quietly about the battles of the Korean War.