The Cold War Part I Reconstruction Confrontation The

The Cold War

Part I: “Reconstruction & Confrontation”

The Ideological Struggle Soviet & Eastern Bloc Nations [“Iron Curtain”] GOAL spread world-wide Communism METHODOLOGIES: US & the Western Democracies Self determination GOAL “Containment” of Communism & the eventual collapse of the Communist world. [George Kennan] « Espionage [KGB vs. CIA] « Arms Race [nuclear escalation] « Ideological Competition for the minds and hearts of Third World peoples [Communist govt. & command economy vs. democratic govt. & capitalist economy] “proxy wars” « Bi-Polarization of Europe [NATO vs. Warsaw Pact]

The “Iron Curtain” From Stettin in the Balkans, to Trieste in the Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended across the Continent. Behind that line lies the ancient capitals of Central and Eastern Europe. -- Sir Winston Churchill, 1946

Truman Doctrine [1947] 1. Civil War in Greece. 2. Turkey under pressure from the USSR for concessions in the Dardanelles. 3. The U. S. should support free peoples throughout the world who were resisting takeovers by armed minorities or outside pressures…We must assist free peoples to work out their own destinies in their own way. (basically the US would provide money to countries threatened by Communism) 4. The U. S. gave Greece & Turkey $400 million in aid.

Marshall Plan [1948] 1. “European Recovery Program. ”- believed Communism fed off of economic turmoil 2. Secretary of State, George Marshall 3. The U. S. should provide aid to all European nations that need it. This move is not against any country or doctrine, but against hunger, poverty, desperation, and chaos. 4. $12. 5 billion of US aid to Western Europe extended to Eastern Europe & USSR, [but this was rejected]. Stalin thought it would indebt him to the West, further increased the divide in Europe.

Germany • Denazification of Germany- ridding it of all vestiges of Hitler and his Nazi’s. • Partitioning Germany and Berlin into 4 zones of occupation. • That was the end of their agreements- the Soviets punished their zone and reestablished the German Communist party under Walter Ulbricht. • The British, French and Americans merged their zones and were creating a Western German federal government. • USSR responded with a blockade of West Berlin, not allowing anyone in or out. • Western Powers responded with the Berlin airlift, sending supplies by air daily until the blockade was lifted. • The German Federal Republic was created Sept 1949 and a month later the German Democratic Republic was created in East Germany- Berlin remained a city divided.

Post-War Germany

Berlin Blockade & Airlift (1948 -49)

The Arms Race: A “Missile Gap? ” } The Soviet Union exploded its first Abomb in 1949. } Now there were two nuclear superpowers! } Mutual deterencethe powers believed that if they both had arsenals of Nuclear weapons, then neither would attack without destroying itself.

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (1949) Military alliance assuring that if one is attacked then the rest will provide mutual assistance. v United States v Luxemburg v Belgium v Netherlands v Britain v Norway v Canada v Portugal v Denmark v 1952: Greece & v France v Iceland v Italy Turkey v 1955: West Germany v 1983: Spain

Warsaw Pact (1955) } U. S. S. R. } East Germany } Albania } Hungary } Bulgaria } Poland } Czechoslovakia } Rumania

Premier Nikita Khrushchev About the capitalist states, it doesn't depend on you whether we (Soviet Union) exist. If you don't like us, don't accept our invitations, and don't De-Stalinization invite us to come Program to see you. Whether you like it our not, history is on our side. We will bury you. -- 1956

An Historic Irony: Sergei Khrushchev, American Citizen Who buried who?

• • • Communist China After WW 2, two Chinese governments existed side by side. One supported by the Americans and the other by the Communists under Mao Zedong. Full scale war between the nationalists and the communists broke out in 1946, millions of peasants (promised land by Mao) flocked to the Communist’s army By 1949 Mao had taken the country. In 1955 Mao collectivized all farm land nationalized industry and commerce. When the collectivized farms failed to increase food production, he started the Great Leap Forward in 1958. – Created people’s commune farms of 30, 000 people- this was a disaster and millions starved. – 1966 -1976 Mao unleashed the Red Guard on China to put down anyone who disagreed with him. Cleansed society of any impure elements or people, taking the Capitalist road. Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution. – Thankfully Mao died in 1976 and more rational people took over China.

Mao’s Revolution: 1949 Who lost China? – A 2 nd } Power!

The Korean War: A “Police Action” (1950 -1953) Kim Il-Sung Syngman Rhee “Domino Theory” • Korea was divided along the 18 th parallel- the North became the People’s Republic of Korea (aided by the USSR) and the South the Republic of Korea (aided by the USA). • June 25, 1950 - NK invaded SK, Americans gained support of the UN and sent troops to turn back the NK invasion under Mac. Arthur. • China, under Communist leader Mao Zedong, sent Chinese troops and sent Mac. Arthur back over the 38 th parallel into SK. • Armistice signed in 1953 - the 38 th parallel would remain in effect dividing the communist North from the democratic south- containment at work.

The Suez Crisis: 1956 -1957 • New leader of Egypt, Nasser, tired to play the 2 Cold War powers off against one another, secured arms and a loan from the USSR, which caused the US to cancel support for the Aswan Dam. • Nasser retaliated by seizing control of the privately owned Suez Canal. • Israel staged an attack against Egypt allowing the British and French to enter the region to “break it up” but in reality they came to seize control of the canal. • World opinion was against the west for this ploy and they withdrew in 1957, Egypt bought the canal and the USSR helped them build the Aswan Dam

The Hungarian Uprising: 1956 Imre Nagy, Hungarian Prime Minister } Promised free elections. } This could lead to the end of communist rule in Hungary. } Red army marches in and executes him and Kadar became commmunist ruler of Hungary until 1988.

Sputnik I (1957) The Russians have beaten America in space —they have the technological edge!

Nixon-Khrushchev “Kitchen Debate” (1959) Cold War ---> Tensions <---Technology & Affluence

U-2 Spy Incident (1960) Col. Francis Gary Powers’ plane was shot down over Soviet airspace.

Paris, 1961 Khrushchev & JFK meet to discuss Berlin and nuclear proliferation. Khrushchev thinks that JFK is young, inexperienced, and can be rolled.

The Berlin Wall Goes Up (1961) • • Checkpoint Charlie USSR closes the border between east and west Berlin and builds a wall. Western powers protested but took no further action.

Ich bin ein Berliner! (1963) President Kennedy tells Berliners that the West is with them!

Khruschev Embraces Castro, 1961 • In 1959 - Castro took control of Cuba and overthrew the American supported dictator. • US breaks diplomatic ties with Cuba in 1961. • Cuba formed ties with the USSR.

Bay of Pigs Debacle (1961) • CIA trained Cuban exiles for an invasion of Cuba. JKF approved it and on April 17, 1961 15000 men landed at Cuba’s Bay of Pigs • Cuba crushed them. • Castro moved close to the USSR.

Cuban Missile Crisis (1962) • • USSR provides Cuba with airplanes and other weapons and also helps construct missile launching pads. Kennedy demanded the USSR to dismantle those and remove the missiles. Set up a blockage so Soviet ships couldn’t bring weapons to Cuba. Negotiations eventually brought an end to this and Khrushchev agreed to remove the missiles.

Cuban Missile Crisis (1962) We went eyeball-to-eyeball with the Russians, and the other man blinked!

Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)

Nuclear Test Ban Treaty • Treaty signed in 1963 after the Cuban missile crisis- bans the testing of nuclear weapons in the atmosphere. Underground tests were allowed. • Outer Space Treaty- 1967 - US, USSR and Britain along with 57 other countries signed this, banning weapons of mass destruction and bases in space. • Nuclear Nonproliferation treaty- US, USSR and 60 other nations signed this in 1968, designed to prevent the spread of nuclear weapons to non nuclear countries. • SALT 1 and ABM Treaties- Strategic Arms limitation treaty, freezing the number of intercontinental ballistic missiles at their existing levels for 5 years. The ABM said the same for antiballistic missiles. • SALT 2 Treaty- 1979 further arms negotiations.

Vietnam War: 1965 -1973 • • • South (Democracy) vs. North (Communist) US entered the war on the South’s side and the USSR on the North’s side. War ends in 1969 with the Paris Accords- cease fire, US withdraws troops. In 1975 the North attacked the South again and this time, the South without American aid fell to the North. Vietnam was a communist country.

4 th French Republic: 1945 -1958 1. Democratic, but politically unstable [27 governments!] 2. Universal suffrage. 3. Weak President; powerful legislature 4. Many political parties [coalition governments] 5. Failure to gracefully leave Indochina. 6. Botched the Suez War. 7. Failed to settle the Algerian Crisis.

5 th French Republic (1958 -Present) 1. Powerful President. * first: Charles De. Gaulle 2. Weak Cabinet. 3. Weakened legislature. 4. Separation of powers.

De. Gaulle’s Achievements 1. Settled the Algerian Crisis. 2. Made France a nuclear power. 3. Sustained general prosperity. 4. Maintained a stable, democratic government. 5. Made France more politically independent. BUT, late ’ 60 s student unrest and social changes challenged him. In 1968 he resigned & died of a heart attack in 1970.

Clement Attlee & the Labor Party: 1945 -1951 1. Limited socialist program [modern welfare state]. « Natl. Insurance Act « Natl. Health Service Act 2. Nationalized coal mines, public utilities, steel industry, the Bank of England, RRs, motor transportation, and aviation. 3. Social insurance legislation: “Cradle-to-Grave” security. 4. Socialized medicine free national health care.

Clement Attlee & the Labor Party: 1945 -1951 6. Britain is in a big debt! 7. The beginning of the end of the British Empire. § India – 1947 § Palestine – 1948 § Kenya Mau uprising - 1955

Churchill Returns: 1951 -1955 He never really tried to destroy the “welfare state” established by Attlee’s government.

The Federated Republic of Germany 1. Created in 1949 with the capital at Bonn. 2. Its army limited to 12 divisions [275, 000]. 3. Konrad Adenauer, a Christian Democrat, was its 1 st President. § Coalition of moderates and conservatives. § Pro-Western foreign policy. § German “economic miracle. ” 4. “Father of Modern Germany. ”

Italy After WW II 1. Alcide de Gasperi was Italy’s P. M. from 19481953 2. Coalition governments [short and unstable!]

Part II: “European Union”

European Economic Integration 1. 1947 General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade [GATT] § 23 nations. § Became the foundation of postwar global commerce. § It set up procedures to handle commercial complaints. § It provided a framework for continuing negotiations [“rounds”]. § By 1990, 99 nations were participating.

European Economic Integration 2. 1952 European Coal & Steel Community [ECSC]. § HQ in Luxembourg. § “Inner Six” Benelux nations, France, Italy, W. Germany. § Placed their coal and steel industries under a form of supranational authority. § Eliminated tariff duties and quotas on coal and steel.

European Economic Integration 3. 1957 European Economic Community [EEC] § HQ Brussels. § Treaty of Rome.

European Economic Integration 3. 1957 European Economic Community [EEC] § France, W. Germany, Italy, Benelux. § Created a larger free trade area, or customs union. « Eliminate all trade barriers. « One common tariff with the outside world. « Free movement of capital & labor.

European Economic Integration 4. 1967 combined the ECSC & EEC to form the European Community [EC]. § HQ Brussels. § European Parliament. « “Eurocrats. ” « 518 members [elected by all voters in Europe]. « Only limited legislative power. § Court of Justice.

European Economic Integration 5. 1991 -92 Maastricht Agreements § European Union [EU] created from the EC. « One currency, one culture, one social area, and one environment! § Create a “frontier-free” Europe a common EU passport. § One large “common market. ” « Goods coming into the EU would have high tariffs placed on them. § 2002 a common currency [Euro] § 2003 60, 000 men EU rapid defense force was created.