The Cold War Deepens Photo of one of

The Cold War Deepens Photo of one of the checkpoints in Berlin, preventing East Berliners from escaping into the West. 14. 2

What is this political cartoon suggesting about the Soviet Union? Who is the short chubby guy? Chubby guy is the last Soviet leader, Gorbachev. Cartoon shows him dictating “plans for a new world to the East German (communist) leader, while a guy leaning over from the west shouts, “Don’t fence me in”.

Why was Berlin a major point of contention in the Cold War? • Berlin was divided into Zones – Was within Soviet controlled Germany • Soviets tried to force all Berliners to use their currency 6/18/1948 • Blockaded the city and shut off power • 2 million East Berliners held hostage Again, the chess metaphor: Germany was just a piece on the Cold War chessboard. The US and Soviets were the two super-powers playing the game.

How did Truman deal with the Crisis in Berlin? His Options: • Order troops to break through – Risk starting WWIII • Give it up to Stalin – Risk a ‘Domino Effect’ Said to advisors, “We are going to stay - period. ” Took advantage of air corridors and started an airlift of needed supplies – Flew milk, food, etc. for 11 months – Landed every 11 minutes – 2, 400 pounds a day • Raised American status in the world • Stalin lifted the blockade after 11 months Above: map showing two Germanys; below, loading milk onto transport planes during airlift

Berlin Airlift Capture of map showing two Germanys from clip on the Berlin airlift

What is NATO? • North Atlantic Treaty Organization • Alliance of 12 nations formed to stop the spread of communism • An attack on one nation is considered an attack on all • Soviets responded by forming the Warsaw Pact Cartoon shows US, Britain and France, plus smaller allies, trapped in a barbed wire pen. Stalin is screaming “encirclement” at them, though they are the ones encircled. For our part, Uncle Sam is goading Stalin from inside the pen: “Warmongers!”

NATO Members in Europe Clearest map of Europe from 1950 s through 1980 s

The Marshall Plan Capture from start of Marshall Plan clip, showing US flag with thirteen stars

What was the result of the civil war in China? • US supported anticommunist named Chiang Kai Shek – Truman gave Shek $3 billion in aid – Told him to clean up corruption – Shek ignored Truman • Mao Zedong (communist leader) – Gave peasants land set up police force – Peasants felt protected by Mao • Mao won in 1949 • US feared Soviets would dominate all of Asia and that communism would spread – Domino Effect – Was containment failing? Above: map showing Chinese civil war; below: Mao Zedong

Red China Capture from start of clip on Red China, with soldiers and a lot of red

Aid to South Korea Self-explanatory

Why did North Korea invade South Korea on 6/25/1950? • Korea was Japanese territory during WWII • After war: – Divided between Soviets (North) and Americans (South) along the 38 th parallel • Korean people wanted to reunite but under which kind of government? • North Korea made its move (might we have been better off if the Soviets never declared war against Japan? • “Hindsight is always 20 -20” Above: map of Korea; below, invading N. Koreans

Describe the Korean War. • Known at the time as the Accordion War or Forgotten War • Truman got UN to support military action against N. Korea • UN forces were driven back to Southeastern coast (Pusan) • 9/15/1950 Mac. Arthur led naval invasion near Inchon • Drove N. Korea back across Chinese border • 11/1950: thousands of Chinese attacked UN forces and drove them back past 38 th parallel into South Korea • War became stalemate, not resolved until Ike was elected Inchon Pusan

Korean War Self-explanatory

Firing of Mac. Arthur Presentation Photo of Gen. Mac. Arthur with trademark shades (rare in those days)

Why did Truman fire Mac. Arthur? • Wanted to use nuclear weapons on China – “In war there is no substitute for victory. ” • Mac publicly criticized Truman for fighting a limited war – Fired for Insubordination • Very unpopular decision (to fire Mac. Arthur) • War with China would likely lead to war with Soviet Union also or weaken US position in Europe Above: repeat of Mac. Arthur wearing shades; below, Truman meets Mac. Arthur

Mac. Arthur and the Korean War Video capture of a battle in Korea

What were the results of the Korean War? • Korea divided along the 38 th parallel • North= communist • South= democratic • Started Arms race – US drastically increased defense spending – Had 3. 5 million men in military and no reduction after Korea – 750 nuclear warheads Above: map of divided Korea; below, aerial photo of nuclear test

Left: map of Korea showing its close proximity to Japan; right, Panmunjom

Satellite map, incredibly graphic, showing urban lights (sign of wealth and progress) visible from space. The South is lit up like an Xmas tree; by contrast, the only visible light from the North is from its capital of Pyongyang.