The Cold War Chapter 26 1945 1960 1

The Cold War Chapter 26 (1945 -1960) 1

I. Former Allies Clash 2

A. Situation, post-War 1) Soviet Union– most devastated by war, spread communism 2) Germany– Devastated by war, defeated, occupied by US, USSR 3) Berlin– Occupied by allies 3

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• 4)United States– least devastated by war, strongest nation in world, atomic bomb • 5) England– broke, lost colonies, still thinks it’s a world power 5

B. United Nations • Created 1945, San Francisco • Note the organization of the Council – Permanent members do not include Germany or Japan… Why? 6

The United Nations 7

C. Yalta Conference • Stalin, Roosevelt, Churchill, 1945 • Agreed on United Nations, Stalin would hold free elections in occupied Europe 8

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D. Harry Truman • 1) problems– Japan, atomic bomb, finishing the war, ill-informed • 2) important decisions– post-war Europe and Japan, problems with Stalin, atomic bomb 10

E. Potsdam Conference • Stalin refused to hold free elections • US-USSR problems started • Truman not experienced enough to stand up to Stalin Atlee, Truman, Stalin– The New Big Three 11

The Potsdam Conference 12

II. Tension Mounts 13

1) United States’ Goals • Spread democracy • Rebuild Europe to promote stability and prevent war • Remember what happened after WWI? 14

2) USSR’s Goals • Create “buffer states” between itself and Germany • Keep Germany occupied • Spread communism 15

B. Satellite nations • Nations controlled by Soviet Union in all but name • Occupied by Soviet armies 16

C. Contaiment • George Kennan– author of containment, 1947 • What’s it mean to contain something? – Keep it from spreading • What would such a policy eventually mean? 17

D. Churchill’s Iron Curtain • Speech, Fulton, MO, the world is divided, “iron curtain, ” democracy vs communism • To the West? The free world of Democracy • To the East? Soviet influence of Communism 18

Churchill’s Iron Curtain Speech 19

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III. Cold War in Europe 21

A. What is a Cold War • 1) What’s a hot war? • Cold war is fighting in other ways other than direct confrontation • Economic, political, diplomatic, etc. 22

B. Truman Doctrine • 1) definition– the US will aid the fight for democracy around the world • 2) nations– US, USSR, the “freedom movements” • 3) what could this lead to? – Direct confrontation? Nuclear War? 23

C. Marshall Plan • Plan for US to finance rebuilding of western Europe • Why? What would it do? – Rebuild economies • Why would we want that? – Democracies do not crumble when everything is going well • Effect? – Very successful… The $13 billion was used to quickly restore the economies and open strong trade markets • George Marshall– US Secretary of State 24

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IV. Superpowers Struggle over Germany 26

A. Status of Germany • Divided, East vs West, joint occupation of Berlin 27

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POST-WAR GERMANY 29

B. Status of Berlin • Controlled by US, France, England, Soviet Union 30

DIVIDED BERLIN 31

C. Berlin Air Lift • Stalin cuts off Berlin • US Airforce flies in supplies for one year • Stalin quits 32

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BERLIN AIRLIFT MAP 34

D. Division of Germany • East and West Germany • East– Communist • West– Democratic • Effect-35

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E. North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) • US and western allies • Attack on one=attack on all • Soviet Response– Warsaw Pact 37

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Today 39

V. The Cold War Heats Up 40

A. China 41

Location next to North Korea 42

1) Mao Zai Dong (Zedong) • Leader of the Chinese Communists 43

2) Chaing Kai Shek • Leader of the Nationalists (American ally) 44

Chinese Civil War 45

4) Losing China • What is lost? – “Free China”… China becomes Communist • Who will get the blame? – The U. S. 46

5) Effect on Containment • What is containment? • What will happen with containment now? – People doubt it? – Will it become more forceful? 47

1) Location of Korea 48

2) 38 th Parallel • US troops– occupy the south • Soviet troops– occupy the north • What will this do in the future? 49

3) South Korea • Becomes democratic, American ally 50

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C. War Breaks Out • June, 1950 • North Korea invades South Korea • American response 52

Why Fight In Korea? 53

2) UN Response • What should the UN response be? • What will it be? • Who leads the UN in Korea? 54

3)The Inchon Landings 55

C. Enter the Chinese • 1) Yalu River– border between North Korea and China 56

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The US has problems With China!!! 58

2) Macarthur and China • Drop the atomic bomb on China!!! • Invade China!! 59

3) Truman’s reaction • Directly orders Mac. Arthur to avoid contact with the Chinese 60

Macarthur’s reaction • Tells newspapers he is being kept from winning the war • Truman gets mad, and…. 61

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Situation, July 1953 63

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THE KOREAN WAR 65

MAC Retires Before Congress 66

THE DMZ TODAY 67

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VI. The Cold War at Home 69

A. Fear of Communist Influence 70

1) Communist groups Existence of American Communist organizations 71

2) Military secrets ATOMIC BOMB 72

3) The government OVERTHROW AMERICAN DEMOCRACY? 73

B. Loyalty Review Board • purpose– investigate government workers for “loyalty” • Problems? • What is loyalty? 74

C. The House Committee on Un. American Activity (HUAC) • 1) purpose—investigate communist sympathizers • 2) tactics— • Investigate, incriminate, smear tactics • 3) problems– • Is this what America is all about? 75

D. The Hollywood Ten • 1) importance of Hollywood to America— • PROPAGANDA FOR COMMUNISTS? • 2) 10 producers/writers who refused to testify about their communist friends • 3) problems– • Is this what America is about? What happened to these people? 76

BLACKLISTED? 77

THE HOLLYWOOD TEN 78

E. Spy Cases WHAT WILL THESE SPY CASES SHOW US? 79

1) Alger Hiss • Worked in the state department, a topranking diplomat • Nobody would suspect him • Secretly giving information to the Soviets 80

ALGER HISS 81

2) Whittiker Chambers • Implicated Hiss in espionage charges • Microfilm on a typewriter, in a pumpkin 82

WHITTIKAR CHAMBERS 83

3) Richard Nixon • Senator who helped put away Hiss • Future president of the US 84

RICHARD NIXON 85

E. The Rosenbergs • Convicted of smuggling atomic secrets to the Soviets • Executed for their spying 86

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F. Mc. Carthy’s Witch Hunt • What’s a witch hunt, anyway? 88

1) Senator from Wisconsin • Said that he had the names of communists in the government • Number kept getting bigger 89

Senator Joseph Mccarthy 90

2) Mc. Carthyism • Term used now for using smear tactics to hurt someone’s reputation 91

3) tactics • Accusation, recrimination, smearing of reputation 92

4) Right or wrong? • Were there any communists in the government? • What if there were none? • Does it matter how many there were? 93

5) witchhunt • Tactic of smearing someone’s reputation • “blacklisting”– they would be “ostracized” 94

6) Why wasn’t he stopped? • Fear on the part of politicians • It’s a lot easier to “give names” then to face smear tactics • Politicians got ahead that way (Nixon) • Some Did 95

7) Mc. Carthy and the Army • Went too far in accusing the army, 1952 • Army stood up to him– “how could you go so low? ” 96

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VII. Two Nations Live on the Edge 98

A. Brinksmanship 99

1) definition • Two nations pushing each other to the edge, then backing off • Is this a smart way to behave? 100

2) Importance of the H-Bomb • The US develops a bomb 67 times more powerful than the atom bomb • What will the Soviets think? What will they do? 101

3) John Foster Dulles • Dwight Eisenhower’s Secretary of State • Author of “brinksmanship” 102

4) Dwight Eisenhower • Who’s he? • Is he qualified to be president during these times? Does he know what’s going on? 103

IKE 104

5) Effect of Brinksmanship • Americans live in constant fear of destruction • Compare with recent history 105

B. Covert Actions • Secret actions on the part of the US government to win the war against communism 106

1) CIA • Central Intelligence Agency • The nation’s spies • Try to overthrow unfriendly, keep friendly governments 107

2) Middle East, Central America • This is what the CIA does in these two regions 108

C. The Geneva Summit 109

1) Warsaw pact • Soviet response to NATO • What do you think this does to problem? 110

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2) Open skies proposal • Ike proposes mutual open skies for monitoring • Rejected– why? 112

3) Spirit of Geneva • Was the Geneva Summit a success? • A “thawing” of the cold war? 113

C. More problems 114

1) Soviets and Hungary, 1956 • Remember containment • Soviet tanks roll, 1956 • result for the cold war? 115

2) Suez Canal • US almost goes to war in defending the Suez Canal, Egypt • What would that lead to? 116

3) Eisenhower Doctrine • US would go to war to defend the Middle East if necessary • Why is the middle east important to the US? 117

D. Sputnik 118

1) definition • First satellite to go into orbit, USSR • What does this mean? 119

2) importance • US now vulnerable to Soviet missile strikes! • US behind in technology 120

3) US Reaction • More money for technology • Math, sciences to catch up with soviets • NASA 121

E. Gary Powers, U-2 Flight 122

1) definition • U-2 flights were US Spy Planes, over USSR • Shot down with Gary Francis Powers, 1959 123

2)importance • US denies that it was a spy plane • USSR irate 124

3) Nikita Kruschev • Denounces Ike, walks out of the second Geneva Summit • “spirit of Geneva” is over 125

4) long-term effect • Propels the cold war forward • Destroys developing trust between the two nations 126