THE COLD WAR BEGINS Unit 11 THE ORIGINS

THE COLD WAR BEGINS Unit 11

THE ORIGINS OF THE COLD WAR

GUIDING QUESTIONS How did the conferences at Dumbarton Oaks and Yalta attempt to shape the postwar world? Why did the Potsdam Conference further increase tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union?

TERMS TO KNOW Charter Satellite nations Iron Curtain Liberate

BUILDING A NEW WORLD The United Nations • • • Delegates from 39 countries met at Dumbarton Oaks, D. C. in 1944 Created the United Nations UN would be composed of a General Assembly (Members would have 1 vote) and a Security Council with 11 members(5 permanent members would have veto power (Britain, France, China, USSR, U. S. )) April 25, 1945 - 50 countries met in San Francisco to design the UN charter (constitution) General Assembly- vote on resolutions and choose non-permanent members of Security Council- responsible for international peace and security and ask members to use military force to uphold a UN resolution The Yalta Conference • • • Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin met in Yalta in Feb. 1945 Agreed to recognize the Polish government set up by USSR as long as members of prewar Polish government were included and free elections were held Declaration of Liberated Europe- stated all people could choose form of government they wanted. Europeans could create democratic organizations and temporary governments and promised free elections and a government that represented the people Germany was split into 4 zones with Britain, France, U. S. and USSR controlling one zone; Berlin was split as well (Inside USSR zone) Germany forced to pay reparations

CONFLICT LEADS TO COLD WAR Soviets began breaking the agreements made at Yalta shortly after the meeting § Pressured the Romanian king into creating a Communist government § Decided not to allow more than 3 non-Communist Poles to serve in the 18 -member Polish government § Did not allow free elections in Poland United States and Soviet Union became more hostile to each other after WWII leading to the Cold War § Era of conflict and competition between the U. S. and Soviet Union. Lasted from 1946 -1990 § No actual fighting took place

POST-WWII ISSUES Soviet Union • • Wanted to keep Germany • weak Wanted countries between them and Germany under • Soviet control Wanted to spread • communism Wary of capitalist nations • United States Believed Depression was caused by decrease in trade Decrease in trade could also cause war Felt increase in trade was way to economic growth and would lead to peace Believed free enterprise system, focusing on private property and little government involvement in economy, was best route to prosperity United Nations Policy • • Met in December 1946; Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide Passed the first U. N. human rights treaty- made genocide punishable internationally Eleanor Roosevelt oversaw UN Commission on Human Rights in 1948 Wrote the Universal Declaration of Human rights- stated rights every human being is born with

POTSDAM CONFERENCE President Truman and Stalin met in Potsdam in July 1945 Truman was convinced industry was key to Germany’s survival § Wanted economy to grow stronger so people did not turn to communism Agreements: § Stalin and USSR could take reparations from their zone of Germany § Machinery and equipment § Allows would allow industry to grow in other zones § Offered Stalin a small amount of industrial equipment from other zones § USSR zone was mostly agricultural § Soviets had to pay a portion with food shipments § Truman offered to accept the new German-Polish border the Soviets established

THE IRON CURTAIN Soviet army presence in Eastern Europe aided in creation of pro-Communist governments § Satellite nations- countries under the control of the Soviet Union; Had to remain Communist and follow USSR policy § Poland, Romania, Bulgaria, Hungary, and Czechoslovakia Formation of the Iron Curtain § Division of Europe between Communist Eastern Europe and Democratic Western Europe § Coined by Winston Churchill in a 1946 speech

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS In what way could Roosevelt and Churchill be said to have “given in” to Stalin? How did the UN agreement against genocide address issues that had arisen in World War II?

EARLY COLD WAR YEARS

GUIDING QUESTIONS What was the policy of containment? Why was the Korean War a major turning point in the Cold War?

TERMS TO KNOW Containment Limited war

TRUMAN’S CONTAINMENT POLICY Containment- Taking measures to prevent the spread and extension of communism in other countries Truman believed that keeping communism within its present territory through either diplomatic, economic, or military actions would result in the downfall of communism Iran Crisis § Soviets did not withdraw troops from northern Iran after WWII as promised § U. S. told Soviets to withdraw and sent the USS Missouri into eastern Mediterranean Sea § Soviet forces withdrew

CONTAINMENT POLICIES Truman Doctrine • • • “ Must be the policy of the United States to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures” Promised to fight the spread of communism worldwide Sent $400 million in aid to Turkey and Greece to help prevent the spread of communism Marshall Plan • • Offered American financial assistance to European countries to help rebuild their economies Offered to Soviet Union and satellite nations but was rejected Greatly aided in the recovery in economies of Western European nations, weakened people’s interest in communism, and opened new markets for trade Sent over $13 billion in aid to 16 countries in a 4 year period

THE BERLIN AIRLIFT In 1948, West Germany was formed (Federal Republic of Germany) § U. S. , Britain, and France merged zones (Also merged zones in Berlin) § Allowed Germans to have their own government but could not have a military Soviet zone was formed into the German Democratic Republic In June 1948, Soviets blockaded West Berlin § Convinced that they would not be able to get reparations § Wanted to force the U. S. to rethink allowing the formation of West Germany or give up West Berlin Airlift began in June 1948 and continued through Spring of 1949 § More than 2 million tons of supplies were flown into Berlin § Stalin lifted the blockade on May 12, 1949 § Showed how determined the U. S. was to contain communism

CREATION OF NATO AND THE WARSAW PACT North Atlantic Treaty Organization (April 1949)- mutual defense alliance between the United States and many western European countries § Originally included 12 countries § Agreed to come to the aid of any member country that was attacked § West Germany was allowed to rearm and was allowed to join NATO in 1955 Warsaw Pact- mutual military alliance between the Soviet Union and Eastern European countries § In response to formation of NATO

DEVELOPMENTS IN ASIA Chinese Revolution • • Communist leader Mao Zedong led revolution against Nationalistic government ran by Chiang Kai-Shek U. S. government sent $2 billion of aid to Nationalistic government starting in the mid-1940 s Communist had taken Beijing by 1949 U. S. stopped sending aid to Chinese Nationalists, who then fled to Taiwan in August 1949 Communist formed the People’s Republic of China in October 1949 Early 1950’s, China and USSR signed an alliance treaty U. S. kept diplomatic relations only with Nationalist Chinese in Taiwan Kept Communist People’s Republic of China out of the U. N. Japanese Policy • • Douglas Mac. Arthur was in charge of occupied Japan Introduce democracy and keep Japan from threatening war Once China became Communist, U. S. adopted policies to encourage quick recovery of Japan’s industrial economy U. S. saw Japan as the key to defending Asia against communism

THE KOREAN WAR U. S. and Soviet troops had entered Korea to disarm the Japanese troops based there after the end of WWII Korea was divided at the 38 t h parallel § Soviets controlled the north § Formed a Communist government § U. S. troops controlled the south § Formed a U. S. - backed government On June 25, 1950 North Korean troops invaded the south and quickly pushed back South Korean forces § Soviets had given military aid to North Koreans Truman called on UN to act and ordered U. S. naval and air power to take action § UN troops were pledged to help fighting § General Mac. Arthur was sent from Japan to Korea On September 15, 1950, Mac. Arthur ordered an attack at Inchon, behind enemy lines § Were able to push the North Koreans back across the 38 t h parallel § Mac. Arthur, under orders from Truman, pushed the North Koreans to the Yalu River (The border of China)

CHINA ENTERS THE WAR China saw the advancing U. S. troops as a threat § Warned UN troops to stop advance Chinese forces crossed Yalu River in November 1950 § Drove the UN forces back across the 38 th parallel Mac. Arthur demanded approval to expand war against China § Asked for a blockade of Chinese ports § Use Chinese Nationalist forces § Wanted to use atomic weapons against Chinese cities

MACARTHUR GETS FIRED After Truman refused to expand the war, Mac. Arthur began to publically criticize the president § Said it was a mistake to keep the war limited § Felt limited war was a form of appeasement which would lead to a bigger war Truman fired Mac. Arthur in April 1951 for failing to follow orders § Had to show he was in charge of military Mac. Arthur remained very popular § Came home to hero’s welcome and parades § Many Americans criticized Truman Congress and military leaders support Truman’s decision § Policy of limited war- a war fought to achieve a limited objective

KOREAN WAR ENDS By mid-1951, UN forces had pushed Chinese and North Korean forces back across the 38 t h parallel § Small, expensive, and unpopular battles continued Dwight Eisenhower became president in 1952 § Hinted that the U. S. might use a nuclear attack in Korea July 1953, armistice was signed ending the war § Battle line between the two sides in Korea became the border between North and South Korea § Very similar to border before the war § Separated by a Demilitarized zone U. S. troops still based in Korea to help protect border No official peace treaty has been signed ending the war More than 33, 600 U. S. soldiers died in action § 20, 600 died from other accidents or disease

KOREAN WAR CHANGES POLICY Korean War showed that communism had spread outside of Europe into Asia U. S. states began to build up its military and became more militarily involved in Asia U. S. signed defense agreements with Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan U. S. formed the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization in 1954 U. S. began sending aid to French forces fighting Communists in Vietnam

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS Why would Soviet leaders have distrusted American leaders after the war? Why would Soviet leaders have wanted a buffer zone around the Western borders of the Soviet Union? How did the Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan address the spread of communism?

COLD WAR AND AMERICAN SOCIET

GUIDING QUESTIONS How did the post- World War II Red Scare compare and contrast with the one that followed World War I? How did fears of nuclear war affect American society? Why did many Americans believe Senator Mc. Carthy’s accusations?

TERMS TO KNOW Subversion Loyalty review Perjury Censure Fallout Mc. Carthyism blacklist

A NEW RED SCARE Fear that Communist were trying to take over the world Soviet defector revealed documents that Soviets were trying to infiltrate American and Canadian agencies § Wanted information on the atomic bomb Search for spies grew into general fear of Communist subversion § Effort to weaken society and overthrow its governmnet

TRUMAN LOYALTY REVIEW PROGRAM Started in early 1947 Checked, screened, the loyalty of all federal employees in the U. S. government Between 1947 -1951, more than 6 million federal employees were screened for loyalty Federal Bureau of Investigation looked closely at about 14, 000 people § Many people quit their jobs under pressure § Others fired for “questionable loyalty”

HOUSE UNAMERICAN ACTIVITIES COMMITTEE Group formed in 1938 to look into activities that could be harmful to the United States FBI director J. Edgar Hoover urged HUAC to hold public hearings to root out Communists, “Communist sympathizers”, and “fellow travelers”

HUAC HEARINGS AND CASES Hollywood on Trial • • One of first trials focused on film industry Ronald Reagan testified that there were Communists in Hollywood “Hollywood 10”- 10 screenwriters used 5 th Amendment rights to protect themselves from self incrimination Producers began to blacklist anyone who might possibly be a Communist and those who refused to cooperate with HUAC Alger Hiss • • Magazine editor and former Communist Party member Whitaker Chamber named Alger Hiss as a spy Alger Hiss was a former diplomat who worked in the Roosevelt administration “Pumpkin papers”Chambers provided secret papers and microfilm proving Hiss had lied to HUAC Hiss was convicted of perjury, lying under oath The Rosenbergs • • Julius and Ethel Rosenberg were arrested and charged with being spies for the Soviets They were sentenced to death and executed in June 1953 Many felt the Rosenbergs were victims caught in the wave of anti-Communism Venona documents gave strong evidence that Rosenbergs were guilty of stealing nuclear secrets for the Soviets

JOSEPH MCCARTHY In February 1950, Senator Joseph Mc. Carthy claimed to have a list of more than 200 Communists who were working inside the State Department § Never shared his list Mc. Carthy gave out a booklet accusing Democratic Party leaders of corruption and protecting Communists § Targeted Secretary of State Dean Acheson as being a tool of Stalin § Accused George C. Marshall, former army chief of staff and secretary of state, of being disloyal Many Americans accepted Mc. Carthy’s claims § Fears about communism

MCCARRAN ACT In 1950, Congress passed the Internal Security Act, or Mc. Carran Act § Made it illegal to try and set up a dictator-run government in the United States § Required all Communist-related organizations to publish their records and register with the U. S. attorney general § Restricted Communists from receiving passports § Communists could be arrested and put in jail in cases of national emergency President Truman vetoed the bill, however Congress easily overrode his veto § Supreme Court cases have since limited the power of the Mc. Carran Act

MCCARTHYISM AND THE FALL OF MCCARTHY Mc. Carthy became chairman of the Senate subcommittee on investigations in 1953 § Forced government officials to testify about suspected Communist influences § Usually had very weak evidence Mc. Carthyism- Mc. Carthy’s practice of harming reputations with vague or unfounded charges § Made shocking claims that were not backed with evidence § Questioned witnesses harshly and would not accept their answers § People were afraid to challenge him Support for Mc. Carthy began to fall during televised hearings about Soviet spies in the U. S. Army § Questioned and bullied officers § Accused them of misconduct In late 1954, the Senate passed a vote of censure, or formal disapproval, against Mc. Carthy § Lost all influence in Senate § Died in 1957

LIFE DURING THE EARLY COLD WAR Facing Atomic Weapons • • • Americans shocked by Soviets successfully testing Hydrogen bomb in 1953 Schools built bomb shelters and held bomb drills Some families built their own fallout shelters to protect them from nuclear fallout- radiation that stays after a nuclear blast Popular Culture • • Cold War themes appeared in films, plays, television, music, and popular fiction The Crucible criticized the Communist with hunts Tomorrow written by Philip Wylie described the horrific effects of nuclear war on an unprepared U. S. city Hiroshima gave six original descriptions of the bombing of Hiroshima, Japan

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS How did the atmosphere of fear contribute to Americans' initial support of Mc. Carthy? How did everyday Americans react to the tensions of the Cold War?

EISENHOWER’S COLD WAR POLICIES

GUIDING QUESTIONS How were the policies of massive retaliation and brinkmanship different from previous military policies? Why did President Eisenhower want to use covert operations to combat the spread of communism? ?

TERMS TO KNOW Massive retaliation Brinkmanship Covert Military-industrial complex

ELECTION OF 1952 Many Americans wanted a change in leadership by the end of 1952 § Felt that Truman’s foreign policy was not working § Soviets had tested an atomic bomb § China was a Communist nation § Korean War Democrats nominated Adlai Stevenson § Truman did not run for reelection § Stevenson was governor of Illinois Republicans nominated Dwight D. Eisenhower § National hero who had helped win World War II § Eisenhower won the election in landslide

EISENHOWER’S FOREIGN POLICY Eisenhower believed nuclear weapons provided better value for the money than keeping a large and expensive army Believed in a policy of massive retaliation § Threatening to use nuclear weapons in order to avoid wars altogether Eisenhower was able to cut military spending from around $50 billion to about $34 billion § Decreased size of army § Increased the nuclear arsenal from about 1, 000 to about 18, 000 bombs between 1953 -1961 Many critics were worried about President Eisenhower’s willingness to threaten nuclear war to maintain peace § Brinkmanship- the willingness to go to the brink of war to force the other side to back down

EARLY CRISES FOR EISENHOWER Taiwan Crisis • • In fall 1954, China threatened to take over two islands off the China’s coast controlled by the Chinese Nationalists Eisenhower saw Taiwan as an anti. Communist barrier in Asia China began bombing islands and announced Taiwan would be freed Eisenhower asked Congress to authorize use of force to defend Taiwan Eisenhower warned Chinese that U. S. naval forces would fight aby attack on Taiwan Hinted that nuclear weapons would be used to stop an invasion China backed down Suez Crisis • • Eisenhower did not want Arab nations to side with Soviet Union, so Secretary of State Dulles offered to help Egypt pay for a dam on the Nile River Congress would not approve the deal because Egypt had bought weapons from Communist Czechoslovakia Egyptians took control of the Suez Canal from the Anglo-French company that controlled it British and French troops invaded Egypt in Oct. 1956 Soviet Union threatened rocket attacks on Britain and France and offered to send troops to help Egypt Eisenhower put U. S. nuclear forces on alert British and French called off invasion under pressure from U. S.

EISENHOWER AND COVERT OPERATIONS Eisenhower used the Central Intelligence Agency to carry out covert, hidden, operations throughout the world Many CIA operations took place in developing nations, nations with mainly farming economies § Blamed European imperialism and U. S. capitalism for their problems § Leaders looked to the Soviet Union as a model of how to industrialize their nations § Threatened to nationalize foreign businesses operating in their countries CIA covert operations aimed to replace anti-American leaders with pro-American leaders

COVERT OPERATIONS Iran • • In 1952, Iranian Prime Minister Mohammad Mossadegh nationalized the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company and was posed to make a deal with Soviet Union Pro-U. S. shah of Iran tried to force Mossadegh out of power but failed and fled into exile CIA quickly sent in agents to organize riots and to arrange a coup Mossadegh was removed from power and the shah returned to Iran Guatemala • • • Communist Jacobo Arbenz Guzman took office in 1951 Land reform program took over large areas of land, including land owned and run by the American-owned United Fruit Company Communist Czechoslovakia delievered arms to Guatemala in 1954 CIA gave weapons to the opposition and trained them at secret camps in Nicaragua and Honduras CIA trained forces invaded Guatemala and Arbenz Guzman left office Eastern Europe • • Nikita Khrushchev took power in Soviet Union in 1956 after death of Stalin (1953) CIA got a copy of a secret speech given by Khrushchev attacking Stalin’s policies and distributed it throughout Eastern Europe Riots began occurring throughout Eastern Europe Khrushchev sent tanks and the army in to defeat a rebellion in Hungary

EISENHOWER DOCTRINE Policy which authorized the use of military force if the president felt it was necessary to help Middle Eastern nations resist communism § Extension of the Truman Doctrine and the policy of containment to the Middle East In July 1958, the president of Lebanon asked for help from U. S. to prevent spread of communism there § Rebels backed by Egyptian president and Soviets took power in Iraq § Eisenhower ordered 5, 000 marines to go to Lebanese capital § Forces withdrew after Lebanese government was safe

THE U-2 INCIDENT In 1960, Eisenhower and Khruschev were expected to hold a summit in Paris Shortly before the summit began, the Soviet Union shot down a U. S. U-2 spy plane § § Eisenhower claimed the aircraft was a weather plane Khrushchev produced the pilot, Francis Gary Powers Eisenhower would not apologize Khrushchev broke up the summit Eisenhower prepared to leave presidency § Warned about the military-industrial complex § Relationship between the military and the defense industry § Left presidency disappointed and saddened § Communist took hold in Cuba (Castro) § Military advisors sent to help South Vietnamese § Lasting peace was not in sight

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS How might the rise and spread of communism influence American foreign policy? What is one possible strength of Eisenhower’s foreign policy ? What is one possible weakness of Eisenhower’s foreign policy?