THE COLD WAR BEGINS 1945 1991 WHERE DID

THE COLD WAR BEGINS 1945 – 1991

WHERE DID IT ALL BEGIN? Both US and Russia contributed to hostility and fear/paranoia Communism vs. Capitalism Democracy vs. otalitarianism USSR – sphere of influence and spread ideas Policy of Containment – G. Kennan – can’t defeat communism, but you can keep it in its borders

WHERE DID IT ALL BEGIN? Teheran – Churchill, Stalin, FDR meet for first time Discuss future of Poland Casablanca – unconditional surrender of Axis only Yalta – Big 3 USSR Would receive territory in Pacific Post war Poland – US wants democratic elections held, and Stalin promises Germany – split into 4 zones Stalin tried to est. communism in Eastern Europe Potsdam CONFERENCE Truman, Stalin, Churchill meet No Russian claims to Germany discussed

WHERE DID IT ALL BEGIN? Turkey and Greece – civil wars lead to victimization and weakness Truman Doctrine – BECOMES containment policy 400 million to countries in danger of falling to communism Russia refuses our offer Marshall Plan Provides economic assistance to rebuild Europe – EVEN to communist satellites Berlin Airlift 3 Western zones of Berlin merge into one ‘democratic supportive’ zone Stalin responds with blockade U. S. and Truman air lift supplies to those Berliners with no food or medicine

BERLIN AIRLIFT

CANDY LIFT

REACTIONS? NATO – North Atlantic Treaty Organization (April, 1949) Led by Eisenhower Collective security An attack on one member is seen as attack on all UN not strong enough Warsaw pact Response to NATO from Stalin Comprised of Russian satellites ARMS RACE – CONTEST BETWEEN THE EAST AND THE WEST TO GAIN NUCLEAR SUPREMACY USSR gets bomb in 1947 Truman responds with development of hydrogen bomb Chinese Communist Revolution – 1949, Mao Zedong Berlin Wall (1961) – built by East German government to eliminate West workforce Became symbol of Cold War

THE KOREAN WAR After WWII, Korea divided into Communist North and Democratic South at 38 th parallel North Korea and Chinese vs. United Nations…with help of the U. S. Mac. Arthur sent to get back South Korea after North invades Attacks enemy from behind, and pushes into North Korea Chinese drive U. S. and Mac. Arthur back into South Korea Mac. Arthur and Truman fight over how much of Korea should be allied; Mac. Arthur fired Not a ‘popular’ war – 55, 000 Americans killed, and no gain Divide remains at 38 th parallel Leads to formation of SEATO, ended in 1977 CONTAINMENT, BUT NO VICTORY

DOMESTIC ISSUES… Post war America GI Bill Inflation Flooding in job market Fair Deal Rejected (Truman) Democrats blamed, Republicans regain control of Congress Taft Hartley – limits the power of the unions National health care denied Minimum wages increased Expands social security – disabled and handicapped Low income housing Civil rights – job discrimination and military desegregated, act does not go through Dixiecrats are born – Democrats who believe in segregation

Culture of Fear DOMESTIC ISSUES… Dark, media, propaganda, films, duck and cover, fall out shelters , nuclear power Domestic Fear and Communism HUAC – House of Un-American ACtivities Seeks out the ‘communists’ in the country Blacklisted many Hollywood stars – “the 10” Hollywood makes patriotic movies Mc. Carran Walter Act – prevents immigration of certain people from Communist countries, or allowed for arrest of Communists Duck and Cover America! – Paranoia of Bomb Espionage & Spying Scare – FBI, CIA… Alger Hiss – pumpkin papers Rosenberg's executed for selling atomic secrets

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DOMESTIC ISSUES… Senator Joseph Mc. Carthy “I have a list of 205 communists in my hand…” Accused and tried hundreds of Americans as being communist which lead to widespread paranoia Hearing televised – Mc. Carthy was seen as bully, alcoholic, and had no factual evidence to support claims Trampled 1 st amendment Died several years later of cirrhosis

I LIKE Dwight D. Eisenhower, general in WWII, becomes president in 1953 Gets us out of Korea immediately Vietnam first big skirmish French occupied, then Ho Chi Minh, head of Vietnamese Communist Party, VC (…we’ll see them in a few years!) declares Vietnam free from French Eisenhower provides money and military aid to French DOMINO THEORY France leaves, and South Vietnam remains guarded

Middle East I LIKE Israel/Palestine Conflict Pro-Communist Iran leader replaced with Shah of Iran with U. S. help Suez canal conflict in Egypt All lead to 1957 EISENHOWER DOCTRINE – protect Middle Eastern countries that are in danger of Communist aggression Latin America To protect U. S. investments, U. S. overthrows Soviet influential governments – Guatemala, Chile, Cuba (…we’ll see

ARMS RACE Stalin continues the building up of Soviet industry and the military until his death in 1953 Nikita Khrushchev takes over in 1955 & proposes a de-Stalinization of the USSR Khrushchev called for a peaceful coexistence with the West in regards to trade and to try and avoid war U. S. and USSR both develop ICBM - Inter. Continental Ballistic Missiles SPUTNIK launched in 1957 Space Race (…we’ll see this in a few years!) – math and science teaching increased in order to compete ALL OF THIS LEADS TO BRINKMANSHIP POLICY FOR THE U. S. BUILD UP OF CONVENTIONAL & NUCLEAR WEAPONS Race for weapon superiority – FIRST for nuclear THEN hydrogen (1952) BRINKMANSHIP CONTINUES THROUGH THE 1980 S! Russians test Hydrogen bomb in 1953 By the mid-1950 s, U. S. has hydrogen power and is using nuclear energy Gary Powers shot down in U 2 spy plane over Russia Khrushchev and Eisenhower peace talks fail