The Cold War Begins 1945 1952 Postwar Economic

The Cold War Begins 1945 - 1952

Postwar Economic Anxieties Fear of second Great Depression Strikes Taft-Hartley Act (1947) • Vetoed by Truman/ Congress overrode veto Outlawed the “closed” (all union) shop Made union liable for damages Required union leaders to take a non-Communist oath Employment Act (1946) Gov’t policy to promote maximum employment, production, & purchasing power Created Council of Economic Advisers to the president

GI Bill of Rights Servicemen’s Readjustment Act of 1944 Sent GIs to school Veteran's Administration (VA) – provided for billions in loans to buy homes, farms, & businesses

Economic Boom 1950 – 1970 Growth of the middle class Women entered the workforce in large numbers Paved the way for the Civil Rights Movement Funded new welfare programs – Medicare Defense spending – Korean War Increase in fuel & electricity consumption Gains in productivity

Roots of Postwar Proseperity World War II’s impact on war production “permanent war economy” Pentagon dollars spent in aerospace, plastics, and electronics industries (1950, Korea) Cheap Energy Doubled consumption of oil Education Nearly 90% school-age enrolled in schools Economic structure Mechanization on farms resulted in a shift away from agriculture

Society Changes 30 million changed residences every year Dr. Benjamin Spock’s The Common Sense Book of Baby and Child Care (1945) “The Sunbelt” See map p. 863 15 state stretching in a crescent from VA through FL and TX to AZ & CA Population soared

Couple looking at house In postwar America, millions of families shopped for new houses in the country's burgeoning suburbs. In the first decade after the Second World War, 4. 3 million veterans used GI Bill loan provisions to purchase singlefamily residences. Many of these men and women were members of what Tom Brokaw, NBC's news anchor, has called "the greatest generation. " They survived the Great Depression, served in the war, and became parents of America's baby boomers. (H. Armstrong Roberts) Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Rush to the Suburbs “White Flight” out of the cities Made possible by the FHA & VA providing guaranteed home loans & tax deductions Levittown – NY’s Long Island (1940 s) Designed by 2 brothers Revolutionized the techniques of home construction African Americans Refused loans by FHA Public housing for blacks built in “black neighborhoods”

Baby Boomers Demographic explosion 50 million babies by the end of the 1950 s Schools were overcrowded “Youth Culture” developed “Secondary Boom” – baby boomers had children Future strain on Social Security

Yalta Conference Feb 1945 – Stalin, FDR, Churchill Free elections promised for Poland, Bulgaria, & Romania Called for a San Francisco Conference to establish the United Nations Deal made with Stalin: • Soviets promised land & joint control over the RR’s in Manchuria • In return, Stalin would attack Japanese within 3 months of the defeat of Germany

The United States & The Soviet Union Mutual suspicions / Cold War Communism & capitalism Similarities: Both had been isolated from world affairs before WWII History of conducting “missionary” diplomacy The wartime “Grand Alliance” between US, USSR, & Britain was out of necessity & ended with the war

Shaping the Postwar World 1944 – International Monetary Fund (IMF) Encouraged world trade by regulating currency exchange rates Founded the International Bank for Reconstruction & Development (World Bank) • Soviets declined to participate April 25, 1945 – United Nations Conference Representatives from 50 nations met in CA Similar to the League of Nations Covenant Security Council recreated – dominated by the Big 5 powers (US, Britain, China, USSR, & France)

United Nations Headquarters – NY City Successes Helped preserve peace in Iran & Kashmir Role in creating Israel – New Jewish state • (recognized by the US in 1945) Arms UNESCO – (United Nations Educational, Scientific, & Cultural Organization) FAO – (Food & Agricultural Organization) WHO – (World Health Organization) UNRRA – (United Nations Relief & Rehabilitation Administration)

The Problem of Germany Nuremberg Trials High ranking Nazis were tried for war crimes • 12 were hanged, 7 receive long jail terms, 1 committed suicide Germany was divided into 4 military zones Zones controlled by France, USSR, & Britain until free elections could be held Stalin refused to hold elections in his zone Berlin was also divided into 4 zones

Problems emerge Soviets blockaded access to Berlin (1948) Berlin airlift – over a year/ organized by the US Soviets lifted to blockade in May 1949 West Germany Eventually became an independent country East Germany Became a nominally independent “satellite” state of the USSR Iron Curtain – separation or division in Europe between free & “satellite” states

Churchill and Truman, "Iron Curtain Speech, " March 5, 1946 On March 5, 1946, former British prime minister Winston S. Churchill (1874– 1965) delivered a speech, which he intended for a worldwide audience, at Westminster College in Fulton, Missouri. President Harry S. Truman (right) had encouraged Churchill (seated) to speak on two themes: the need to block Soviet expansion and the need to form the Anglo-American partnership. Always eloquent and provocative, Churchill denounced the Soviets for drawing an "iron curtain" across eastern Europe. This speech became one of the landmark statements of the Cold War. (Harry S. Truman Library) Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Berlin Air Lift--German children watching American planes bring food, 1948 German children watching an American plane in "Operation Vittles" bring food and supplies to their beleaguered city. The airlift kept a city of 2 million people alive for nearly a year and made West Berlin a symbol of the West's resolve to contain the spread of Soviet communism. ((c) Bettmann/Corbis) Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Crystallizing the Cold War Containment Doctrine – 1947 George F. Kennan Called for a policy of “containment” against the inherent expansionism of communism Truman Doctrine – March 1947 Asked for $400 million to bolster Greece & Turkey The policy of the US should be to support free peoples who are resisting communism aggression Marshall Plan – June 1947 Economic recovery – help countries economically to prevent the spread of communism

Marshall Plan poster of ship The goal of the Marshall Plan was to provide American economic support for the rebuilding of Europe's economy. By the time the plan ended, the United States had provided over $12. 5 billion dollars to those European nations participating in the European Recovery Program. This poster demonstrated that with cooperation, Europe would soon be moving forward again. (Courtesy of George C. Marshall Foundation) Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

The Cold War caused the US to: 1947 – National Security Act Established the Dept of Defense • Housed in the Pentagon • Headed by the Sec of Defense – cabinet member • Joint Chiefs of Staff Established National Security Council (NSC) • Advise the president on security matters Established Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) Selective Service resurrected the draft

NATO US was invited to join into an European Pact US joined the North Atlantic Treaty Organization in 1949 An attack on one as an attack on all Communism countries will form the Warsaw Pact

Soldiers of 11 th Airborne Division watch atomic bomb explosion, 1951 tests in Nevada Soldiers of the 11 th Airborne Division watch as an atomic explosion mushrooms into the sky during 1951 testing maneuvers in Nevada. ((c) Bettmann/Corbis) Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Postwar Asia Japanese officials were tried for war crimes 18 sent to prison, 7 were hanged Japan was occupied by General Douglas Mac. Arthur Dictated a constitution for the Japanese Fall of China Jiang Jiesji (Chiang Kai-Shek) was forced to Taiwan Mao Zedong (Mao Tse-tung) took over & established a communist government

Identifying the Communists Fear of communist spies 1947 - Truman launched a “loyalty” program Organizations were identify as suspicious Loyalty Review Board investigated federal employees Loyalty oaths were required for certain jobs 1949 – 11 communists were tried under the Smith Act of 1940 First peace time anti-sedition act since 1798 Upheld in Dennis v. US (1951)

Communist Witch Hunt 1938 – HUAC (House Committee on Un-American Activities) Investigate subversion Richard Nixon led the chase after Alger Hiss was eventually charged with perjury & sentenced to 5 years Senator Joseph Mc. Carthy (1950) Charged that there were scores of known communist in the State Department Could not prove anything Ended after he accused the US Army in televised hearings Censure by the Senate

The Witch Hunt Continues 1950 – Mc. Carran Internal Security Bill Vetoed by Truman/ overridden by Congress Authorized the president to arrest & detain suspicious people during an “internal security emergency” Julius & Ethel Rosenberg Convicted in 1951 of espionage (gave info on atomic bomb to the Soviets) 1953 – executed

Democratic Divisions in 1948 Republicans controlled Congress Rep – Thomas Dewey Dem – Harry S Truman Split the party “Dixiecrats”/ States’ Rights Party Strom Thurmond Progressive Party – Henry A. Wallace J.

Election of 1948 Truman goes on his “Whistle Stop” Tour Lashed out against Taft-Hartley law & the “do nothing” Congress • Gained support for civil rights, improved labor benefits, & health insurance “Dewey Defeats Truman” headline Truman’s Plans Provide aid to prevent the spread of communism Fair Deal- improved housing, full employment, higher minimum wage, better farm prices supports, new TVAs, & an extension of Social Security • Only succeed 3 areas – SS, housing, & min wage

Truman with "Dewey Defeats Truman" headlines, 1948 So few pollsters predicted that President Harry S. Truman (1884– 1972) would win the 1948 presidential election that the Chicago Tribune announced his defeat before all the returns were in. Here a victorious Truman pokes fun at the newspaper for its premature headline. (Corbis-Bettmann) Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

The Korean War Korea was split after WWII along the 38 th parallel North – Soviet controlled South – US controlled June 25, 1950 – North invaded South Korea NSC-68 // recommended by Truman US should increase military spending UN Security Council condemned actions of North Korea Asked for assistance to restore peace Truman ordered naval & air units to support South Korea • Ordered General Douglas Mac. Arthur to Korea

Korean War The Korean War was one of ebb and flow, advances and retreats--the movement of troops up and down the rugged Korean peninsula. Here, American troops advance while Korean women and children march in the opposite direction hoping to avoid the destruction of war. Over 33, 000 Americans lost their lives in Korea during the conflict. (Corbis-Bettmann) Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Military Seesaw Mac. Arthur led the Inchon Landing Very successful Pushed North back across the 38 th parallel UN okayed Mac. Arthur to invade North As long as Soviets & Chinese didn’t interfere Chinese forces did get involved Stalemate resulted Mac. Arthur wanted to attack China & Truman disagreed Truman was forced to fire Mac. Arthur was still welcomed as a hero