The Cold War 19451991 Leaders at Yalta famous

The Cold War 19451991

Leaders at Yalta famous photo, taken in February 1945, of Josef Stalin, leader of the Soviet Union; Winston Churchill, prime minister of Great Britain; and President Franklin Roosevelt, was taken only two months before Roosevelt died. .

• The main points of discussion among the leaders were how to partition Germany and the strategies for ending the war with Japan. The Battle of the Bulge had ended a few weeks before the conference was held. • Allied forces had not yet reached Berlin. That would not happen until April. • On April 30, about 10 weeks after the conference, Hitler committed suicide.

Two sides of Cold War • NATO – North • Warsaw Pact – pro Atlantic Treaty Soviet countries – Organization USSR, and all countries controlled • USA, France, Great by the USSR. Britain, West Germany • COMMUNISM • CAPITALISM

From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic an ‘iron curtain’ has descended across the Continent. Behind that line lie all the capitals of the ancient states of Central and Eastern Europe. Warsaw, Berlin, Prague, Vienna, Budapest, Belgrade, Bucharest and Sofia; all these famous cities and the populations around them lie in what I must call the Soviet sphere, and all are subject, in one form or another, not only to Soviet influence but to a very high and in some cases increasing measure of control from Moscow. —Winston Churchill, Westminster College, Fulton, Missouri, March 5, 1946

v v v v Causes of the Cold War in 1945 American fear of communist attack Truman’s dislike of Stalin USSR’s fear of the American's atomic bomb USSR’s dislike of capitalism USSR’s actions in the Soviet Zone of Germany America’s refusal to share nuclear secrets USSR’s expansion west into Eastern Europe + broken election promises v USSR’s fear of American attack v USSR’s need for a secure western border v USSR’s aim of spreading world communism v This feeling of suspicion lead to mutual distrust and this did a great deal to deepen the Cold War

Cold War • 1945 -1990 • Era of confrontation between the Soviet Union and the United States

NATO – North Atlantic Treaty Organization- all free nations

Warsaw Pact – all communist nations

POTSDAM (Germany) Date: July 1945 Present: Churchill, Truman and Stalin

TRUMAN DOCTRINE • The Truman Doctrine was to help free people fight Communist takeover. Free Peoples” In his speech to Congress requesting funds, the president declared the basic tenets of the Truman Doctrine: to help “free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures. ” • The United States sent a naval fleet to Turkey’s Dardanelle Straits in the eastern Mediterranean region as a show of force. • Truman asked Congress for $400 million to help fight communism in Greece and Turkey.

• Napoleon In 1812 the army of the French dictator Napoleon Bonaparte invaded Russia. The French burned the capital city, Moscow, to the ground. The Russians continued to fight, and eventually the harsh winter and huge loss of life forced Napoleon to withdraw. • Ideological Invasion In the mid-nineteenth century, communism spread from the West across Europe. By the early 1900 s, the communist movement in Russia—driven by the group known as the Bolsheviks—had established a foothold in Russia. In 1905, a revolt of Russian workers led the czar to recognize Russia’s first democratically elected parliament: the Duma. In 1917, the Duma was overthrown when the Bolsheviks launched the Russian Revolution. • World War II Prior to the outbreak of World War II, Hitler and Stalin signed a nonaggression pact that secretly divided Poland between the two powers. In 1941 Hitler violated the pact with Stalin and invaded the Soviet Union. After three years of fighting, the Germans were defeated. It is estimated that about 25 million Russians—about 14 percent of the population—died during the war.

Iron Curtain – A term used by Winston Churchill to describe the separating of Those communist lands of East Europe from the West.

Improve your knowledge • The Russians took very high casualties to capture Berlin in May 1945. They spent the early occupation trying to take over all zones of the city but were stopped by German democrats such as Willy Brandt and Konrad Adenauer. Reluctantly the Russians had to admit the Americans, French and British to their respective zones.

Berlin Wall • Berlin is Germany’s capital city. • The Soviets built the wall to keep communists from escaping to the American sector.

Berlin. Wall

Wall torn down in 1989. Significance is that this symbolizes and end to the Cold War.

Improve your knowledge • The nuclear bomb gave America a lead which was expected to last at least 5 years. The rapid Russian development of nuclear technology, helped by the work of the “atom spies” was a shock. Significantly, Russia hurriedly declared war against Japan at the beginning of August 1945 and rushed to advance into Asia to stake out a position for the postwar settlement. This helped make both the Korean and Vietnamese conflicts more likely.

Marshall Plan • Economic Rebuilding With Western Europe destroyed after World War II, U. S. Secretary of State George Marshall proposed an economic aid program. • Peaceful Containment Truman saw the Marshall Plan as a type of containment policy against the spread of communism because countries with strong economies would be less susceptible to Communist takeover. • Economic Benefits The Marshall Plan sent supplies, machinery, and food into Western Europe. The purchase of these items by the U. S. government from American farmers and businesses helped the U. S. economy. • Communist Refusal The Soviet Union and Iron Curtain countries refused to accept U. S. aid.

Berlin blockade led to Berlin Airlift

Space Race • The USA and the Soviet Union raced as the world watched to be the first to conquer space.

1957 Sputnik – first satellite Score 1 for Soviets!

First man in space • Score: USA – 0 • Soviets - 2

Apollo program (NASA formed) • USA spent the 60 s trying to catch up to the Soviets.

Armstrong lands on moon! • What is the purpose of a space program?

Nuclear Missiles!

Truman Doctrine The Truman Doctrine in March 1947 promised that the USA “would support free peoples who are resisting” communism. This led to containment – policy of containing communism where it is.

Domino Theory Communism spreads like a disease- if one nations falls, others will follow

Korea and Vietnam • USA tried to contain communism. In both wars, communist troops fought armies trained and funded by the USA.

Communists invaded from the north. China sent a million troops to help reds.

Korean War • After the failure of the promise of Korean independence by the Allied nations, on June 25, 1950, communist North Korean troops invaded South Korea. Poorly armed, the South Koreans were no match for the North. The United Nations ordered North Korea to withdraw its troops. General Mac. Arthur was appointed to command all UN troops in Korea. After three years of fighting a stalemate, more than 54, 000 American troops perished.

How Is The US Reacting to all of the Soviet moves such as Sputnik? • Under Eisenhower the National Defense Education Act is passed. • Intended to push math and science education to be able to keep up with the Soviets.

• Red Scare was Americans response to the fear of Communism • Senator Joseph Mc. Carthy accused 205 US Govt. officials of being Communist. • Mc. Carthyism to destroy or assassinate one’s character without proof and it ruined the careers of many Americans. Became a witch hunt that led to Americans pledging a “loyalty oath” oath to the United States……. red scare

• House Committee for Un-American Activities red scare 3 • 1938– 75, Congress investigated Americans suspected as communists • HUAC committee warned of civil rights violations. • Witnesses who refused to answer were cited for contempt of Congress.

Mc. Carthy’s “Big Lie” ¨ Tactic used to create the impression that people were affiliated with Communism ¨ Repeated the lies until people began to believe them, thus ruining people’s reputations. ¨ Usually did this to Democrats because he thought they were soft on Communism.

What Finally Brings Mc. Carthy Down? ¨ The hearings were televised ¨ Made him look like a bully ¨ Last straw was his accusation that the United States Army was a Communist organization. ¨ Was he totally wrong about the spies? No ¨ BUT he ruined enough reputations that it cost him his political career and he left the Senate a shamed man.

What is the United Nations?

United Nations • International Organization where countries try to find peaceful solutions

United Nations • It has no army but uses troops from other countries.

Vietnam War 1960 s-1973 • Through the Kennedy years, US troops trained S. Vietnamese troops to fight the Reds. • After the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, under LBJ, US troops started to fight more.

Vietnam Divided into North and South at the 17 th parallel Our first presence there was as military advisors to the South Vietnamese army Under Kennedy, we actually began to train the troops for them We wanted to be able to trade with them because they had resources we don’t have.

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution • An act of Congress • that allowed retaliation if American troops were in harms way or had been attacked. • • President Johnson used this as approval to wage war and seriously escalated the war. This led to his decision not to run for reelection in 1968 because he had messed it up so badly. Under Johnson we had gone from about 50 K troops to about 500 K.

Vietnam, 1968

Helicopters!

Napalm!

Seeing this on TV led to a loss of support at home

Hippie bashing!!!

Hippies/Anti-war

Meanwhile. . . • After Korea and before Vietnam got really bad, America felt they had a problem closer to home.

Bay of Pigs 1961 • The CIA trained and funded an invasion of communist Cuba. The invasion failed, and Castro had some powerful friends!

1962

Castro takes American Properties Try Bay of Pigs invasion First Castro takes sides with Soviet Union American spy JFK puts naval planes photograph blockades around nuclear missile sites Cuba there After 13 days the USSR pulls out Significance: It’s the closest the US and Soviet Union came to armed conflict during the Cold War.

Soviet response. • Don’t worry comrade Castro. We got your back!

A U 2 spy plane found these missile silos in Cuba, 1962.

Kennedy Khrushchev

People built more bomb shelters.

End to a crisis! • The Soviets removed the missiles in Cuba. • In exchange, USA pledged to not invade Cuba again. And to remove missiles in Turkey (right).

Afterward • A direct phone line was set up between their offices to bypass other channels.

November 22, 1963 • LBJ took the Presidency • JFK was shot in Dallas

How did the USA try to contain communism?

Helped anti-communist troops

Embargoes • Refusing to trade or aid countries in order to punish them

Cuba embargo • Still today, the USA has an economic embargo on communist Cuba. • Their only cars are from before the embargo!

Detente • A permanent relaxation in international affairs • Why did we experience this? – The horrors of Vietnam shocked people – Growing fear of a nuclear holocaust especially with the growth of nuclear weapons

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