The Cold War 1945 1991 USSR Which nation

The Cold War 1945 - 1991 USSR Which nation does this flag represent? v. United States & Great Britain Which nations do these flags represent?

What is the Cold War? How was it “cold? ” � 46 -year struggle/rivalry between the United States & the Soviet Union � “cold” – because two superpowers never faced each other directly in “hot” military conflict

The Soviet Union & Eastern Europe Analyze both maps & think about this: • What are these maps showing you? • Why might this be a concerning for the U. S. ?

Differences between the United States & Soviet Union CAPITALISM � � � People participate in making gov’t decisions More than one political party Most industry & agriculture owned by private individuals Citizens own business and employ workers; keep all profits made Limits on government interference in people’s lives. Freedom of speech & movement COMMUNISM � � � � Gov’t makes all economic decisions Usually a one-party state Industry & agriculture owned by state Goods and services are equally shared Classless society with no individual profit-making The gov’t controlled most aspects of people’s lives Strong censorship with restrictions on what could be said or written

What’s next… �Cold War Timeline Complete these events: 1947 Truman Doctrine – 1955 Warsaw Pact

1947: Truman Doctrine announced � Greece & Turkey battling communist forces seeking to gain control – needed aid � Truman Doctrine – Truman promised to aid nations struggling against communist movements

1947: Kennan outlines Containment Policy �Kennan – American diplomat & authority on Soviet Union �Containment policy – keep communism contained within its existing borders; became America’s policy (page 850)

1948: Marshall Plan authorized � Sec. of State George Marshall’s plan to help Europe recover from war (page 850) � Marshall Plan – economic aid for nations in Western Europe - U. S. gave money (grants & loans), food, fuel

Marshall Plan’s Impact

1948: Berlin Blockade/Airlift � Stalin stopped all forms of traffic from West Germany into West Berlin � plan: w/o aid West Berlin would fall to communists � U. S. & Britain provided supplies though a massive airlift for 1 yr.

1949: � North NATO formed Atlantic Treaty Organization – military alliance; goal was to stop Soviet expansion

1949: People’s Republic of China proclaimed � Mao Zedong led communist forces in China against Nationalist leader Chiang Kaishek � Mao defeated nationalist forces & renamed China People’s Republic of China – communist nation � Truman Adm. blamed for not providing enough support; failure of containment policy Mao Zedong

1950: Another Red Scare: Mc. Carthyism � Senator Joseph Mc. Carthy claimed State Department was full of communists � Mc. Carthyism – extreme, reckless charges of disloyalty � discredited real concerns about communists in the U. S. � Red Scare declined by 1954 Julius & Ethel Rosenberg

1950: Korean War begins � Korea – split at 38 th parallel; North was communist, South noncommunist � N. Korea attacked S. Korea & took S. Korea’s capital, Seoul � UN Security Council voted to aid S. Korea; Truman ordered U. S. troops to S. Korea � Douglas Mac. Arthur led UN troops, drove N. Koreans back to 38 th parallel; China helped N. Korea (pages 856 – 857)

1953: � stalemate Korean War ends until 1953 � Eisenhower elected U. S. President – promised to end war � cease-fire signed, division at 38 th parallel restored – still in effect today

1955: � West Warsaw Pact formed Germany became a member of NATO in 1955 � In response, the Soviet Union and its satellite states formed the Warsaw Pact, a rival military alliance to NATO

Europe’s Military Alliances NATO Treaty, 1949 Warsaw Pact, 1955

Who started the Cold War?

Ba ltic Se a Iron Curtain of Europe ic t ria Ad a Se

What’s next… �Cold War Timeline Complete these events: 1957 Sputnik – 1968 Vietnam War Tet Offensive

1957: � Sputnik satellite Sputnik launched by Soviets & U. S. reaction I - Soviet space � U. S. reaction • Congress approved the National Defense Education Act - $1 billion program to produce more scientists and teachers of science • Congress created National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) to plan space-related projects

John Fitzgerald Kennedy � Election of 1960 • Ran against Nixon • Televised • Slim Victory � Kennedy’s Domestic Programs – The New Frontier • Space Program

1961: Bay of Pigs invasion � 1959 Fidel Castro set up a communist gov’t in Cuba � Eisenhower had approved CIA plan to invade Cuba & overthrow Castro; recruited Cuban exiles & trained in Guatemala � Kennedy executed plan – CIAled force of Cuban exiles attacked Cuba � plan failed & turned many Cuban Americans against Kennedy

1961: Berlin Crisis/Berlin Wall � Khrushchev (Soviet leader) demanded U. S. recognize division of Germany & end military presence in West Berlin; Kennedy refused � Khrushchev ordered construction of a wall between E. & W. Berlin – Berlin Wall; Kennedy sent 1, 500 U. S. troops to W. Berlin Khrushchev Kennedy

1962: Cuban Missile Crisis � U. S. discovered Soviets building nuclear missile sites in Cuba to protect Castro from an American invasion � major East Coast cities would be in range � Kennedy demanded removal of missiles & set up blockade of Cuba to prevent Soviets from completing bases � Khrushchev removed missiles Range of Cuban missiles

Assassination of JFK

Assassination of JFK

Vietnam: North & South Buddhist monk sets himself on fire to protest the Diem regime Ho Chi Minh Communist Leader of North Vietnam Ngo Dinh Diem Nationalist Leader of South Vietnam Removed from power & assassinated in 1963

1964: Vietnam War - Gulf of Tonkin Resolution � Vietnam divided at 17 th parallel - Ho Chi Minh’s communist forces ruled N. Vietnam, anticommunist gov’t led by Diem set up in S. Vietnam � N. Vietnam forces supported Vietcong – S. Vietnamese communist rebels; N. Vietnam fired on American destroyer USS Maddox, not hit � Gulf of Tonkin Resolution - 1964 congressional resolution that authorized President Johnson to commit U. S. troops to South Vietnam & fight war against communist North Vietnam Operation Rolling Thunder

Vietnam War � Ho Chi Minh “compared his troops to a tiger, while Americans were like an elephant. If the tiger stands still, the elephant will crush it. But if the tiger keeps moving and occasionally jumps on the elephant to take a bite out of it, the elephant will slowly bleed to death. ” � What does this philosophy tell you about the nature of the Vietnam War?

Vietnam War

1968: Vietnam War – Tet Offensive � Tet Offensive – Vietcong’s coordinated attack on S. Vietnam; 36 provincial capitals, 5 major cities, & U. S. embassy in Saigon � American & S. Vietnamese forces stopped offensive, but demonstrated communists had not lost will or ability to fight � President Johnson announced would not run for a second term

1972: Nixon visits China � After Chinese communist revolution, U. S. never formally recognized People’s Rep. of China � Nixon wanted to - benefit U. S. economically (trade) & distance relationship b/w China & Soviet Union � Nixon made an official state visit to China – successful at opening relations w/ China � full Diplomatic relations established b/w U. S. & China in 1979 President Nixon meets with China’s Communist Party leader, Mao Zedong

1972: SALT I Treaty signed – Détente w/ Soviet Union begins � After China visit, Soviet leader Brezhnev invited Nixon to Soviet Union � Signed the Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (SALT I) limited certain types of nuclear arms production; never ratified by U. S. � Détente policy begins – ease tensions between U. S. , Soviet Union, & China � 1979 - Carter signed SALT President Nixon and Soviet Premier Brezhnev exchange the SALT I treaty

1973: Vietnam War – Paris Peace Accords signed – U. S. withdrawal begins � U. S. , S. Vietnam, N. Vietnam, & Vietcong signed Paris Peace Accords • agreed to a cease-fire & U. S. troop withdrawal from S. Vietnam • N. & S. would begin peaceful negotiations � ended U. S. involvement in Vietnam War

1975: Saigon falls to communists � Neither N. nor S. Vietnam honored cease-fire or worked toward peace � Communists took Saigon (S. Vietnam’s capital) & without U. S. American civilian & military personnel in Saigon were evacuated before the city’s aid S. Vietnam fell � Unified Vietnam became communist fall. Operation Frequent Wind - largest helicopter evacuation in history.

1979: Soviet invasion of Afghanistan & U. S. reaction � Soviet Union claimed invited by government to help against resistance fighters (Mujahedeen) � U. S. President Carter responded by withdrawing Soviets in Afghanistan mountains SALT II from Senate & imposed sanctions (penalties) U. S. on Soviets – ex. U. S. boycott President Jimmy of 1980 Summer Olympic Carter Games in Moscow, suspended grain sales to Soviet Union

1985 -89: Reagan / Gorbachev meetings � U. S. President Reagan & Soviet Leader Mikhail Gorbachev met 4 times between 1985 -89 � signed a nuclear arms pact and agreed to reduce number of nuclear weapons Soviet Leader Gorbachev & President Reagan

1989: Berlin Wall falls / E. European nations throw off Communism � 1989 – East Germany’s communist government fell; Berlin wall torn down � Communists also lost power in Poland, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Bulgaria, & Romania in 1989; Albania in 1990; Yugoslavia in 1991 East German Border guards demolishing a section of the Berlin Wall

1991: Soviet Union collapses � Communist Party lost power & Soviet Union separated into 15 independent republics � Cold War ended (1945 -1991)