The Cold War 1945 1991 Chapter Eighteen Cold

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The Cold War: 1945 -1991 Chapter Eighteen

The Cold War: 1945 -1991 Chapter Eighteen

Cold War Objective To understand international and domestic tension resulting from the Cold War

Cold War Objective To understand international and domestic tension resulting from the Cold War

Origins of the Cold War Section One

Origins of the Cold War Section One

What was the Cold War? • USA and USSR had extremely different economic and

What was the Cold War? • USA and USSR had extremely different economic and political beliefs • These two superpowers were the political and military leaders of the world who had considerable influence • Both wanted world domination and would do anything short of nuclear “hot” war • Both would use threat of force, propaganda, and military or economic influence in regions

The Ideological Struggle Soviet & Eastern Bloc Nations (“Iron Curtain”) GOAL → spread worldwide

The Ideological Struggle Soviet & Eastern Bloc Nations (“Iron Curtain”) GOAL → spread worldwide Communism METHODOLOGIES: US & the Western Democracies GOAL → “Containment” of Communism & the eventual collapse of the Communist world ★ Espionage (KGB vs. CIA) ★ Arms Race (nuclear escalation) ★ Ideological Competition for the minds and hearts of Third World peoples (Communist govt. & command economy vs. democratic govt. & capitalist economy) ★ Bi-Polarization of Europe (NATO vs. Warsaw Pact)

Proxy War: wars where there was no direct fighting between the USA and the

Proxy War: wars where there was no direct fighting between the USA and the USSR but done through their potential friends or allies

The “Iron Curtain” From Stettin in the Balkans, to Trieste in the Adriatic, an

The “Iron Curtain” From Stettin in the Balkans, to Trieste in the Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended across the Continent. Behind that line lies the ancient capitals of Central and Eastern Europe. -- Sir Winston Churchill, 1946

Truman Doctrine The U. S. should support free peoples throughout the world who were

Truman Doctrine The U. S. should support free peoples throughout the world who were resisting takeovers by armed minorities or outside pressures…We must assist free peoples to work out their own destinies in their own way. • The U. S. gave Greece & Turkey $400 million in aid Turkey under pressure from the USSR for concessions in the Dardanelles • American military would be available to any nation threatened by communism (1947)

Truman Doctrine (1947) ** Truman Doctrine’s main goal was to contain the spread of

Truman Doctrine (1947) ** Truman Doctrine’s main goal was to contain the spread of Communism **

Marshall Plan (1948) “European Recovery Program” WWII severely weakened the European economies The USA

Marshall Plan (1948) “European Recovery Program” WWII severely weakened the European economies The USA feared an economic collapse would lead to the spread of communism The U. S. depended on these allies for support Secretary of State George Marshall “The U. S. should provide aid to ALL European nations that need it. This move is not against any country or doctrine, but against hunger, poverty, desperation, and chaos. I propose an economic aid program that will see the USA give $13 billion over 4 yrs. ” Western nations accept $$$, stabilize their economies and grow closer to the USA and away from Communism

Marshall Plan (1948) $12. 5 billion of US aid to Western Europe extended to

Marshall Plan (1948) $12. 5 billion of US aid to Western Europe extended to Eastern Europe & USSR, but this was rejected Eastern nations unite under Soviet aid

Post-War Germany

Post-War Germany

Berlin Blockade & Airlift (1948 -49) • Berlin Blockade - Soviets stripped their zone

Berlin Blockade & Airlift (1948 -49) • Berlin Blockade - Soviets stripped their zone of all of its resources • France, Great Britain, and USA give economic aid to their zones eventually united them into West Berlin. The capital of West Germany was Bonn. • Stalin wants these nations to pull out of West Berlin which they do not • The Berlin Blockade (1948 -49) • The Berlin Airlift - food and supplies dropped to the people of West Berlin • In response, the Soviets established East Germany with its capital of East Berlin

Berlin Airlift • Blockade of Berlin began on June 24, 1948 • From June

Berlin Airlift • Blockade of Berlin began on June 24, 1948 • From June 1948 to May 1949, U. S. and British planes airlift 1. 5 million tons of supplies to the residents of West Berlin • After 200, 000 flights, the Soviet Union lifts the blockade

The Arms Race: } The Soviet Union exploded its first A -bomb in 1949

The Arms Race: } The Soviet Union exploded its first A -bomb in 1949 } Now there were two nuclear superpowers!

NATO and the Warsaw Pact • NATO is a western military alliance (1949) •

NATO and the Warsaw Pact • NATO is a western military alliance (1949) • In response, the Soviet Union and its Eastern European allies sign a communist military alliance called the WARSAW PACT (1955) • Soviets use the PACT to not only defend Eastern Europe but to also strengthen its hold on them.

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (1949) ❖ United States ❖ Luxemburg ❖ Belgium ❖ Netherlands

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (1949) ❖ United States ❖ Luxemburg ❖ Belgium ❖ Netherlands ❖ Britain ❖ Norway ❖ Canada ❖ Portugal ❖ Denmark ❖ 1952: Greece & ❖ France ❖ Iceland ❖ Italy Turkey ❖ 1955: West Germany ❖ 1983: Spain

Warsaw Pact (1955) } U. S. S. R. } East Germany } Albania }

Warsaw Pact (1955) } U. S. S. R. } East Germany } Albania } Hungary } Bulgaria } Poland } Czechoslovakia } Rumania

Warsaw Pact Nations that were under Soviet control under the Warsaw Pact were called

Warsaw Pact Nations that were under Soviet control under the Warsaw Pact were called Satellite Nations

The Bipolarization of Europe

The Bipolarization of Europe

Premier Nikita Khrushchev “About the capitalist states, it doesn't depend on you whether we

Premier Nikita Khrushchev “About the capitalist states, it doesn't depend on you whether we (Soviet Union) exist. If you don't like us, don't accept our invitations, and don't invite us to come to see you. Whether you like it or not, history is on our side. We will bury you” -- 1956

Essential Question Describe how the Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan deepened Cold War

Essential Question Describe how the Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan deepened Cold War tensions. Answer the question in three complete sentences in your summary section