The Cold War 1945 1960 COLD WAR TERMS

The Cold War 1945 -1960

COLD WAR TERMS TO KNOW 1. Containment: keeping Communism within its present boundaries 2. Arms Race: competition for military supremacy (U. S. & U. S. S. R. ) 3. Space Race: informal competition between the U. S. & U. S. S. R. to explore space 4. Iron Curtain: imaginary boundary in Europe dividing democratic countries & communist countries 5. Mc. Carthyism: Senator Joseph Mc. Carthy’s “witch hunt” for communists in the U. S. 6. Baby boom: population boom after WWII; babies born between 1946 & 1964

Why did the Cold War begin?

Clash of Beliefs • UNITED STATES • Democratic government • Individual freedom • Capitalist economy • SOVIET UNION • State-run economy • One-party rule • Suppression of religion • Use of force to crush any opposition

Containment Policy • This was the foreign policy of the U. S. throughout the Cold War • Containing communism within its presence territories through the use of diplomatic, economic, and military actions • The U. S. vowed to stop the spread of communism

The Yalta Conference; What was decided? POLAND? • FDR, Churchill and Stalin met – Black Sea Soviet Resort • Stalin agreed to allow free elections in Poland • Agreed to divide & occupy Germany • Plans for a new international peace organization (United Nations)-created in 1945 • Broke that agreement when the USSR took over Poland & made it a communist government • 11 days later FDR dies

Potsdam Conference: What was decided? • Meeting of Truman, Stalin, & Atlee; Churchill had been replaced by Atlee • Divided Germany into 4 zones • British, French, & Americans took the western, industrialized part • Soviets took the eastern part • Also agreed to administer the city of Berlin • Western part controlled by the British, French, & Americans • Eastern part controlled by the USSR

Germany after World War II • Divided into 4 sections (GB, France, USSR) • Berlin (capital) also divided in 4 sections- located within USSR section (BIG PROBLEM!) Berlin Demilitarized zone

Berlin Divided

Berlin Wall (1961 -1989)

The Iron Curtain • The "Iron Curtain" is a term made famous by Winston Churchill referring to the boundary which symbolically, ideologically, and physically divided Europe into two separate areas from the end of World War II until the end of the Cold War. • Countries behind the Iron Curtain are Communist

The Marshall Plan & Truman Doctrine • MARSHALL PLAN • After WWII Europe was in ruins • European Recovery Program – AKA the Marshall Plan • Gave aid to rebuild Europe’s economies • By doing this the U. S. was able weaken the appeal of communism • TRUMAN DOCTRINE • Doctrine was developed from a speech Truman gave to Congress • Pledged to fight communism around the world • Helped Greece and Turkey fight the USSR’s influence in 1947

The Berlin Crisis • West Germany is founded after the U. S. , G. B. & France decided to combine their zones– independent, had a military. • East Germany – USSR control The Berlin Airlift • Russia blocked off West Berlin, including roads, canal, & railways-USSR wanted complete control of Berlin-trying to drive the Western powers out • President Truman ordered an airlift for 10 months • Food, coal, & supplies were dropped on West Berlin • USSR finally lifted the blockade

NATO and Warsaw Pact NATO – North Atlantic • Russia responded Treaty Organizationwith the Warsaw 1949 Pact – Eastern • Member countries Europe-1955 agreed to come to each • Soviet Union, others’ aid if attacked Albania, Bulgaria, • Belgium, Netherlands, Czechoslovakia, East Luxembourg, France, Germany, Hungary, G. B. , U. S. , Canada, Poland, Romania Portugal, Italy, Norway, Denmark, Iceland, Turkey, West Germany, Greece

The Cold War Spreads to Asia Civil War & Revolution in China • War between the Nationalists (Chiang Kai-shek) & the Communists (Mao Zedong) • Communism was established in 1949 After the Fall • The U. S. saw Japan as the key to defending Asia • Mao Zedong declaring the People’s Republic of China

The Korean War - 1950 • After WWII the Allies divided Korea at the 38 th parallel of latitude • Communist in the North • U. S. -backed gov’t in the South The UN Intervenes • President Truman ordered General Douglas Mac. Arthur to send troops China enters the war • Forced UN troops back across the 38 th parallel • Mac. Arthur demands to use the A -bomb & to block Chinese ports Truman Fires Mac. Arthur • Truman refuses, believes in limited war – containing communism Changes in Policy • The war became small intense battles • 33, 600 Americans died • 1953 an armistice was signed • U. S. would become more militarily involved in containing communism • Began to help the French forces fight communist guerrillas in Vietnam

38 th parallel

US solider shot in the head with his hands behind his back

POW’s killed by the North Koreans

The Cold War and American Society

Fighting Communism Covertly • To prevent communist uprisings in other countries – Eisenhower established the CIA – Central Intelligence Agency • Congress created the National Security Council • To advise the president on strategic matters • Congress replaced the War Department with the Department of Defense

A Conspiracy So Immense Mc. Carthy’s Charges, Tactics & Downfall • Congress was cracking down on Communists in the U. S. • The House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) questioned the political ties of members of peace organizations, liberal groups, & labor unions • Senator Joseph Mc. Carthy became convinced there were Communists throughout the U. S. Senator Joseph Mc. Carthy

A Conspiracy So Immense • Conducted a witch hunt based on flimsy evidence & irrational fears saying he had a list of Communists employed by the government • Damaged reputations of hundreds of government workers & accused many in the Army • Hearings were held • These hearings were televised; Mc. Carthy bullied many of the witnesses • He could never produce a list or any actual evidence • Mc. Carthy was censured for his behavior

Life During the Cold War Facing the Bomb • Communist fear spread when the USSR tested the Hydrogen Bomb; 1000 x more powerful than the atomic bombs dropped by the U. S. • Built fallout shelter, had drills Popular Cultural in the Cold War • Movies and books focused on Communism & the effects of nuclear war

Eisenhower’s (R) New Look General who organized – D-Day during WWII “More Bang for the Buck” • Fight communism with a strong economy • A “new look” for defense Massive Retaliation • Scale back soldiers and prepare to use nuclear weapons (long range) The Sputnik Crisis • To compete with Russia, established NASA – National Aeronautics & Space Administration – research rocket and space science (Space Race) after Russia launched the first satellite, Sputnik, into Space

• end

Cuban Revolution • The Cuban Revolution refers to the revolution that led to the overthrow of the Cuban government by Fidel Castro and his followers in 1959 • Castro & his followers overthrew Fulgencio Batista • Cuban Revolution also refers to the completion of social and economic programs by Castro’s government including the implementation of a dictatorship with Communist policies.

Brief Thaw in the Cold War; 1959 • • • Tried to improve their relations Vice President Richard Nixon visited the Soviet Union Premier Khrushchev visited the U. S. U-2 spy plane incident brought the thaw to an end Spy plane was shot down over Russia; U. S. promised to stop the flights but would not apologize

New President • John F. Kennedy elected president in 1961 • Foreign policy was like his predecessors; also relied on flexible response • Believed in using conventional military forces & special units like the Green Berets • Created the Peace Corps • Sent American volunteers to work for 2 years in developing countries

Bay of Pigs Invasion; 1961 • CIA trained Cuban exiles (those who had escaped Fidel’s regime) - they were called the La Brigada • On April 17, 1961; under Kennedy’s orders the exiles landed in Cuba at the Bay of Pigs. • The La Brigada was meant to over throw Castro & spark a revolution against his government • At the last moment Kennedy cancelled the U. S. ’s air support; trying to keep the U. S. involvement a secret; failed to spark an uprising among the Cuban people • Within 2 days Castro’s forces killed or captured all of the La Brigada • The U. S. was exposed, & the outcome made the US look weak & disorganized

Berlin Crisis • 1961: Khrushchev ordered the building of a barbed-wire fence that cut off traffic between East & West Berlin – Berlin Wall • U. S. sent more troops to West Berlin • Khrushchev’s goal was achieved; barrier had halted the mass exodus of East Germans to the West through Berlin • Then began to replace the wire with concrete & watchtowers

Cuban Missile Crisis; 1962 • Summer of 1962 • For 13 days the USSR and America were on the brink of nuclear war • American intelligence learned that the USSR had placed missiles in Cuba (which is only 90 miles from the FL coast) • Kennedy ordered a naval blockade to prevent the delivery of more missiles • The nations prepared for nuclear holocaust • After a series of secret negotiations the U. S. agreed not to invade Cuba & to remove their missiles from Turkey, which were close to the Soviet border; only if the Soviets removed their missiles from Cuba • Soviets agreed; war was averted

Aerial photos of missiles in Cuba

US Aircraft deployed to Cuba

US Missile Jupiter – 15 were deployed to Turkey – they could reach Russia in 17 mts

JFK and his advisors discussing the Cuban Missile Crisis

13 Days – about the Cuban Missile Crisis

Cold War Summary

Cause and Effects Causes Effects Soviet Union controls Marshal Plan provides Eastern Europe after WWII economic aid to help Communists in China gain Western Europe rebuild control of the country NATO & Warsaw Pact in 1949 are alliances created during U. S. & Soviet Union both the Cold War explode hydrogen Bombs U. S. practices the Korean War is fought; U. S. containment policy troops are still in South Kore The Cold War Arms Race begins Space Race begins

Choose Your Assignment • 1. Draw a picture depicting the feelings and/or event(s) of the Cold War. It must be to get an A! • 2. Write a one page report over the Cold War • 3. Develop a worksheet for the Cold War • 4. Make a 15 date timeline with a “bit” of information and pictures that match the date • Include the following topics in your assignment whether its in your drawing or written assignments • Marshall Plan • Truman Doctrine • Containment policy • Communist Regime in China • Korean War • Senator Joseph Mc. Carthy • Cuban Revolution • Bay of Pigs • Cuban Missile Crisis