The Cold War 1945 1960 Chapter 25 What

The Cold War 1945 -1960 Chapter 25 What were the causes, main events, and effects of the early Cold War?

The Cold War Begins Section 1 Ø How did U. S. leaders respond to the threat of Soviet expansion in Europe? Vocabulary: -satellite state -Cold War -iron curtain -Truman Doctrine -George F. Kennan Ø containment Marshall Plan Berlin airlift NATO Warsaw Pact

Standards Ø Ø Ø Ø Ø SSUSH 20 The student will analyze the domestic and international impact of the Cold War on the United States. Element: SSUSH 20. a Describe the creation of the Marshall Plan, U. S. commitment to Europe, the Truman Doctrine, and the origins and implications of the containment policy. Element: SSUSH 20. b Explain the impact of the new communist regime in China, the outbreak of the Korean War, and how these events contributed to the rise of Senator Joseph Mc. Carthy. Element: SSUSH 20. c Describe the Cuban Revolution, the Bay of Pigs and the Cuban missile crisis. Element: SSUSH 20. d Describe the Vietnam War, the Tet offensive, and growing opposition to the war.

The Cold War Begins Roots of the Cold War Main Idea: By the end of World War II, the relationship between the United States and the Soviet Union had fallen apart due to the fear that the Soviet Union was attempting world domination. Meeting the Soviet Challenge Main Idea: At President Truman’s urging, Congress aided Greece, Turkey, and other countries struggling against communist movements. Containing Soviet Expansion Main Idea: George F. Kennan presented a policy called containment, with the goal of keeping communism within its current borders. The Cold War Heats Up Main Idea: When the Soviets blockaded Allied-controlled West Berlin, The United Sates and Britain used a massive airlift to fly supplies into the city, showing how far they would go to fight communism.

American and Soviet Systems Ø o o o American System Capitalist democracy Free elections Economic and religious freedom Private property Respect for individual rights Ø o o o Soviet System Dictatorship Communist Party made all economic, political and military decisions No religious worship No private property No freedom of speech

Cold War Name given to the competition between the U. S. and the Soviet Union Ø Political and economic conflict and military tensions Ø Lasted nearly 50 years, until the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 Ø

NOTE TAKING Reading Skill: Contrast

President Truman Ø Ø April 12, 1945, Roosevelt dies In the Congress for 10 years Vice President for 83 days Took a harder line toward Stalin than Roosevelt had

Yalta Conference February, 1945 Ø Divided Germany into four zones Ø Poland – Stalin agreed to let Poles choose own government Ø Creation of United Nations Ø

Potsdam Conference July, 1945 Ø U. S. S. R. wanted $10 billion from Germany in reparations Allies said “No!” Ø U. S. pushed for Polish elections as well as Eastern Europe Ø Truman received word that the atom bomb had been tested Ø

NOTE TAKING Reading Skill: Recognize Sequence

Iron Curtain Stalin predicted the triumph of communism over capitalism Ø Cominform: Soviet agency to direct Communist parties in the world Ø Winston Churchill: “…an iron curtain has descended across the Continent. ” Ø

Satellite Nations Ø Ø Ø Soviets lost 20 million people during WWII Soviets wanted to protect its interests, so Stalin established satellite nations (countries subject to Soviet domination) Poland, Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, and East Germany became satellite nations by 1948 Yugoslavia maintained a degree of independence from the U. S. S. R. Tito (Josip Broz) was the communist dictator of Yugoslavia; refused to take orders from Stalin

Containment Idea from George Kennan, an American diplomat stationed in Moscow; West needed intelligent long-range policies Ø Policy recognized the possibility that Eastern Europe was lost to communism Ø U. S. to resist formation of Communist governments elsewhere in the world Ø

Truman Doctrine Great Britain gave world leadership to U. S. Ø 1947 declaration that the U. S. would support nations that were being threatened by communism Ø Americans provided aid to Greece and Turkey; Congress provided $400 million, plus military bases Ø

Marshall Plan: called for the nations of Europe to draw up a program for economic recovery from the war. The U. S. would support them with financial aid of $13 billion Ø Hoped to create strong democracies and open new markets for American goods Ø

TRANSPARENCY The Cost of Containment

CHART Shipments Financed by the Marshall Plan

Berlin Airlift Ø Ø Ø West Berlin: capitalist and democratic East Berlin: communist Many fled to West Berlin Stalin blockaded the city Supplies brought in by plane Stalin lifted the blockade in May 1949

INFOGRAPHIC Berlin Airlift

NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization Ø “association of democratic peaceloving states” to defend Western Europe Ø Collective security: mutual military assistance; “an armed attack against one or more of them…shall be considered an attack against them all. ” Ø

Warsaw Pact Ø 1955, Soviet Union formed a military alliance with its satellite nations in Eastern Europe except for Yugoslavia

COMPARING VIEWPOINTS What Will Happen to Postwar Europe?

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The Korean War Section 2 Ø How did President Truman use the power of the presidency to limit the spread of communism in East Asia? Ø Vocabulary: -Jiang Jieshi -Mao Zedong -38 th parallel Douglas Mac. Arthur limited war SEATO

The Korean War Communists Gain Control of China Main Idea: Americans were shocked when communists won the Civil War in China and greatly expanded communist control in the world. Americans Fight in Korea Main Idea: After communist-controlled North Korea invaded South Korea, the United States sent military aid to South Korea, which ultimately resulted in a stalemate. The Korean War Has Lasting Effects Main Idea: President Eisenhower’s threat of nuclear weapons convinced the communists to sign a cease-fire, but there was no clear victory in the war.

Civil War in China Jiang Jieshi – leader of Nationalist government Ø Corruption – diverted American aid Ø Generals would not fight Ø Mao Zedong – Communist rebel Ø Promised to feed the people Ø Defeated Jiang in 1948, with Jiang fleeing to Taiwan Ø Established the People’s Republic of China Ø

NOTE TAKING Reading Skill: Categorize

TRANSPARENCY Political Cartoons: The Korean War

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Americans Fight in Korea: after WWII, Korea divided into two zones – North and South; Yalu River divided China and North Korea Ø South Korea was democratic (pro-American) Ø North Korea- communistic government Ø June, 1950, North Koreans invaded South Korea by crossing over the 38 th parallel Ø USSR boycotted the Security Council Ø UN called on members to defend South Korea Ø

Douglas Mac. Arthur Fought in WWI and WWII Ø Commander of Americans in Asia in WWII Ø Controlled Japan after war, establishing a democracy Ø

War North Koreans swept through S. Korea with only area near Pusan unconquered Ø Defended Pusan; Mac. Arthur invaded Inchon to cut North Korea’s supply lines Ø N. Koreans retreated back across the 38 th parallel Ø UN troops neared Chinese border Ø “Home by Christmas” offensive Ø

Chinese Attack Ø Ø Ø Ø Chinese pour over the border in November, 1950 Push UN forces back into S. Korea Stalemate Disagreed with Truman on limited war Letter to Joseph Martin Fired by Truman in 1951 War dragged on until 1953 53, 000 American dead

DECISION POINT Should the United States Invade China?

Dwight Eisenhower Elected 1952 promising to end the Korean War Ø Careful not to start a war with USSR over Eastern Europe Ø Continued policy of containment Ø Ended the Korean War with a cease-fire in 1953 Ø

Results of the Korean War Ø Two Koreas remain divided at about the 38 th parallel; North Korea is communist and South Korea is a democracy Ø Set a precedent of Presidents committing U. S. troops to battle without a declaration of war Ø Increased military spending Ø Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO)

Domestic Politics and Policies Presidents Truman and Eisenhower pursued different styles to meet the challenges of the postwar period.

QUICK STUDY Korean War's Impact on America

The Cold War Expands Section 3 What methods did the U. S. use in its global struggle against the Soviet Union? Ø Vocabulary: -arms race Nikita Khrushchev -John Foster Douglas nationalize -Eisenhower Doctrine Suez crisis -massive retaliation Eisenhower Doctrine -brinkmanship CIA -mutually assured NASA destruction Ø

The Cold War Expands The Arms Race Heightens Tensions Main Idea: When the United States discovered that the Soviet Union had set off an atomic bomb, an arms race between the two nations started as each developed increasingly powerful nuclear weapons. Eisenhower Introduces New Policies Main Idea: Eisenhower favored a defense policy of stockpiling nuclear weapons so that the United States could threaten enemies with the use of overwhelming force. The Cold War Goes Global Main Idea: Tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union led to conflicts in countries throughout the world. Continued…

Communist Advances Soviets test an atomic bomb Ø U. S. develops hydrogen bomb Ø China is taken over by Mao Zedong after he defeats Jiang Jieshi in a civil war; Beijing falls to the Communists in 1949 Ø

Hydrogen Bomb Truman ordered the production of a hydrogen bomb Ø Tested in 1952 Ø Oppenheimer and Einstein were opposed Ø Knew that Soviets would develop it; arms race Ø

Arms Race Struggle to gain weapons superiority over the USSR Ø Tested the hydrogen bomb at Bikini Island Ø Nuclear Arsenals Ø Brinkmanship Ø ICBMs Ø

CHART The Arms Race

NOTE TAKING Reading Skill: Identify Main Ideas

INFOGRAPHIC Domestic Uses of Cold War Technology

Eisenhower’s New Policies Ø John Foster Dulles – Secretary of State Ø Policy of massive retaliation Ø Brinkmanship - “You have to take some chances for peace, just as you take chances in war. ” Ø Policy saved money by focusing on nuclear power, not conventional forces

Stalin’s Death Stalin died March 5, 1953 Ø Nikita Khrushchev became new leader Ø Death of Stalin eased tensions between the U. S. and the U. S. S. R. Ø

Iron Curtain Uprisings Ø Poland – workers rioted and won greater control of government Ø Hungary – Huge demonstrations crushed by Soviet troops; many executed

Suez Crisis 1956 Nasser of Egypt seized the Britishowned Suez Canal. Ø British and French attacked Egypt to regain the canal. Ø Eisenhower got them to withdraw, leaving Egypt with the canal Ø

Eisenhower Doctrine Stated that the U. S. would aid any country in the Middle East requesting aid against Aggression (Communistinspired) Ø Sent troops to Lebanon to put down a revolt Ø

Middle East Palestine: many Jews fled there Ø I 948 Jews proclaimed nation of Israel Ø War between Israel and Arabs Ø U. S. backed Israel; USSR backed Arabs Ø

Iran 1952 pro-communist leader controlled Iran Ø 1953 U. S. organized his overthrow by the CIA and restored the Shah of Iran Ø Created long-term resentment against the U. S. Ø

TRANSPARENCY Cold War Initiatives

Sputnik First artificial satellite to orbit Earth Ø U. S. first satellite crashed Ø Soviets shot down U -2 plane Ø Military-industrial complex Ø

First Satellite Soviets launched Sputnik October 1957 Ø Housed a 1 -watt radio transmitter Ø Powered by three silver-zinc batteries Ø Transformed the world Ø

From Sputnik to the International Space Station Sputnik The International Space Station

First Man in Space Yuri Gagarin in Vostok 1 Ø April 12, 1961 Ø First to orbit the Earth Ø Parachuted to Earth Ø

First American in Space Ø John Glenn Ø Three orbits Ø February 20, 1962

Apollo Program Ø Moon program Ø Apollo 11 July 20, 1969 Ø Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin walk on the Moon

Space Shuttle Program began in 1972 Ø Reusable space craft Ø Two have been lost Ø

Space Station Joint program between the United States and Russia Ø Weight – 404, 069 pounds Ø Dimensions – 240 feet by 90 feet Ø

Future of Space Travel Since 1961, more than 400 humans in space Ø Working to improve life on Earth Ø Future – extend life beyond Earth Ø

Domino Theory Belief that if one country fell to the Communists, its neighbors would follow Ø Vietnam, a French colony; French fought Ho Chi Minh, Vietnamese communist ruler Ø U. S. provided military aid to France Ø French lost in 1954 Ø Vietnam divided into Communist North and anti-Communist South Ø U. S. provided aid to South Ø

Latin America Rio Pact: regional defense alliance with 18 other nations Ø Organization of American States (OAS) formed to increase cooperation Ø

Cuba Ø Ø 1959 Fidel Castro overthrow Batista, a corrupt dictator He established a Communist government Castro seized American property Exports to Cuba halted and diplomatic ties ended

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Cold War at Home Section 4 Ø How did fear of domestic communism affect American society during the Cold War? Vocabulary: -Red Scare Alger Hiss -Smith Act Joseph R. Mc. Carthy -Mc. Carthyism HUAC -Hollywood Ten blacklist -Julius and Ethel Rosenberg Ø

The Cold War at Home Worrying About Communists at Home Main Idea: Americans began to fear that communists in the United States were working for the Soviet Union, and Congress started investigations of potential communists. Spy Cases Worry Americans Main Idea: Spy trials attracted public attention and drew awareness to the threat of communist agents working against the United States. Alger Hiss’s case and Julius and Ethel Rosenberg trial were two controversial cases that received national interest Mc. Carthy Uses Ruthless Tactics Main Idea: Senator Mc. Carthy became chairman of an investigations committee against potential communists, were he spent years making reckless accusations that often discredited people.

ANALYZE Political Cartoons: Red Scare or Red Smear

HUAC – Second Red Scare Ø Ø Ø Smith Act: unlawful to overthrow the government House Un-American Activities Committee Charged Hollywood personalities with being members of the Communist party Hollywood Ten – Cited for contempt of Congress and served jail terms ranging from six months to a year Blacklist – list of people whom employers agreed not to hire

NOTE TAKING Reading Skill: Identify Causes and Effects

Mc. Carran-Walter Act Set a quota system for countries; this system discriminated against immigrants from Asia and Southern and Central Europe to keep communists out of the U. S. Ø Vetoed by Truman, but Congress passed it over the President’s veto Ø

Spy Cases Alger Hiss: convicted of lying in a slander case against Whittaker Chambers Ø Julius and Ethel Rosenberg: accused of passing atomic secrets to the Soviets; executed in 1953 Ø

NOTE TAKING Reading Skill: Compare and Contrast

TRANSPARENCY The Red Scare

Mc. Carthy Era Ø Ø Ø Republican Senator Indicated that State Dept was full of communists Accused Sec. of State George Marshall Said Army full of commies in 1954 Hearings were televised and Americans saw him as a bully

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