The climatology of small scale orographic precipitation over

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The climatology of small scale orographic precipitation over the Olympic mountains: Patterns and processes

The climatology of small scale orographic precipitation over the Olympic mountains: Patterns and processes 學生: 傅佑瑜 Minder, J. R. , D. R. Durran, G. H. Roe and A. M. Anders, 2008, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc.

¡ 雨量資料來源:Remote Automated Weather Station (RAWS), Automated Surface Observing Systems (ASOS), SNOwpack TELemetry (SNOTEL)

¡ 雨量資料來源:Remote Automated Weather Station (RAWS), Automated Surface Observing Systems (ASOS), SNOwpack TELemetry (SNOTEL) ,每小時回報一次。 4 km ¡ Colle et al. (2000)提出,當MM 5模式尺度為 4 km時模擬寬度 10 km之Olympics山脊,發現模擬強降水事件時,模式會低估 降水,偏差大約為 50%, ¡ Anders et al. ( 2007 a) 提出,同樣地點下模擬 2000 -2005年發現 山脊相對於山谷之降雨差異可達 50 -300%。

Percent of 12 hr periods during each season showing enhanced precipitation (i. e. R/V

Percent of 12 hr periods during each season showing enhanced precipitation (i. e. R/V > 1). Percentages were calculated for medium-to-heavy rainfall periods(> 4 mm / 12 hrs) and heavy rainfall periods (> 24 mm / 12 hrs). ¡ MM 5全都高估。 ¡ 觀測誤差:冬季風暴來臨時山頂上的雪也會跟著滑下至低處, 在下雪時觀測站會低估降雪量,而造成冬季時觀測上的誤 差,以致於實際觀測之R/V值於冬季會有低估的情形。

BKBW station. 最小 低 高 Temp, Wspd, Wdir : 2 m高時的溫度、10 m高時的風速、 10 m高時的風向.

BKBW station. 最小 低 高 Temp, Wspd, Wdir : 2 m高時的溫度、10 m高時的風速、 10 m高時的風向. Wgst:陣風. The third section provides metrics from the modeled KUIL sounding. FL :結冰高度的範圍 , 0−− 2 km, WSPD(0−− 2 km) , and, WDIR(0−− 2 km), :平均範圍0 -2 km內濕靜力穩定度的範圍 、風速、風向

12 4 1. 33

12 4 1. 33