The Civil War Course Strengths Weaknesses economic resources

The Civil War Course Strengths, Weaknesses, economic resources, key leaders role (Lincoln, Davis, Grant, Lee) Emancipation proc, foreign involvement,

The War Starts… February 4, 1861—Confederate States of America was born Fort Sumter was one of few Union footholds in the South Lincoln’s dilemma: order attack on the fort evacuate the fort “food for hungry men” Jefferson Davis’ dilemma: do nothing order attack on the fort** Confederates attacked and the fort fell out of the Union control RESULT: United the North; Virginia and other upper Southern states seceded *1863: West Virginia was created Both sides expected a short, glorious war, but got a blood bath that lasted until 1865. Both sides were passionate and thought it was right.

The Presidents Davis Lincoln Ø Not well liked Limited Mandate – won Ø Extensive military only 40% vote experience Highly skilled lawyer ØWest Point Grad and politician ØFought in Had an established Mexican/American War government Ø Created government Delegator from scratch Preserve the Union at Ø Experienced all cost Representative and Senator Ø Secretary of War

Lincoln Abuses His Power… Writ of habeas corpus Latin for “you have the body” Gave judges the power to command the presence of a person before court. Both accused & accuser must appear before court It required government to explain WHY a person was being detained. Congress was not in session; Lincoln acted on his own authority to suspend habeas corpus during the Civil War, arguing Article I, Section 9 of the Constitution The Privilege of the Writ of Habeas Corpus shall not be suspended, unless when in Cases of Rebellion or Invasion the public Safety may require it.

Discussion: Was Lincoln right or wrong to suspend Habeas Corpus? Have we seen other presidents suspend certain rights through times of war?

Map of the North vs. South

South Strengths, Weaknesses, Economic Resources Military Strengths Fighting on home turf Closer to supplies Fight harder because they were protecting their homes / way of life Experienced Military Leaders and Soldiers 7 of 8 Military colleges in the South High Morale (beginning) • • Weaknesses Economics Not enough railroads Ø Grow their own – transporting food soldiers / supplies Ø Extremely Lower population resourceful Little Manufacturing Ø End – built No Navy armories, No rifleworks foundries, Gunpowder Imported mills Susceptible to Ø Less Money blockade Jefferson Davis

North Strengths, Weaknesses, Economic Resources Military Strengths 21 Million People – larger army Established Navy 5 to 2 advantage of men who could fight Superior Leadership Lincoln • • • Weaknesses Invade, conquer, and occupy the South Few experienced military leaders Fight to maintain Union Unfamiliar Territory Thought war would be done quickly • • • Economics More factories Manufactured more weapons Miles of railroads Over 90% manufactured goods from the North More Money

Lincoln appointed him General-in-Chief in March 1864. Grant directed Sherman to drive through the South He pinned down Gen. Robert E. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia. Known as a “Butcher” Grant Leader of the Army of Northern Virginia Offered command of Union forces Opposed secession Believed in the Constitution and Union Could not go to war against his own state Urged others to accept defeat at the end of the war Lee

Video – Grant vs. Lee http: //www. history. com/topics/american-civil-warhistory/videos/grant-or-lee

Discussion Which side had the better advantages?

Emancipation Proclamation Lincoln’s declaration that freed enslaved people in the rebelling territory, but not slaves in the Union or Border States Did Lincoln have that authority? CONFISCATION ACT: Union army could confiscate slaves as they invaded South on the basis they were “contraband” of war

Impact of Emancipation Proclamation Many Northerners felt it went too far; opposed fighting an “abolition war” Desertions increased from Border States Republicans lost mid-term elections Abolitionists thought Lincoln did not go far enough; though some pleased South accused Lincoln of trying to stir up a slave insurrection

North - Anaconda Plan • • Union military strategy to strangle the South by blockading its coasts Control the Mississippi to cut of Confederacy in half Sherman’s March to the Sea Capture key cities in the South: Richmond, Atlanta, Charleston

South – King Cotton Plan The Confederacy adopted a defensive strategy and attempted to secure alliances with more powerful countries such as Britain and France. To do that, the South needed to show it could win the war. As a result, the Confederate army attacked Union territory to draw Union troops away from the South and to impress potential allies. As the war continued, the Southern strategy became one of evading the Union army, prolonging the war, and inflicting casualties to demoralize the North.

Foreign Affairs • • • Trent Affair: CSA sent delegates to Great Britain for recognition of the CSA. Union stopped ship & delegates held prisoner who were later released but never gained recognition Raiders: CSA was purchasing old ships from GB, Union stopped future sales by threatening war with GB “King Cotton”: GB found other sources for its demand of cotton (Egypt, India)

2 Factors of GB not recognizing CSA 1. 2. Failure of clear CSA victory at Antietam Emancipation Proclamation made ending slavery the main objective for the Union. This appealed to British working class. 'Over the Way', 1861. At the time the American Civil War began, Britain imported the bulk of its cotton from the United States. President Lincoln's blockade of the Southern ports caused Britain to suffer a 'cotton famine' which caused great distress to the workers in the mill towns of Lancashire. By early 1862, some quarter of a million workers in Lancashire were out of work and fresh sources of cotton, mainly from India, were sought. Here we see Presidents Lincoln and Davis fightin in their shop doorway and John Bull impatiently tells them that he will go over the road to the Indian supplier instead. From Punch, or the London Charivari, November 16, 1861.

Discussion What factors led to the South’s loss of the Civil War?

Freedmen in the War After the E. P. , hundreds of thousands of southern slaves walked away from slavery to seek protection from approaching Union armies. 200 K African Americans fought in segregated regiments in the Union army and navy ◦ Ex: Massachusetts 54 th Regiment (Glory)

The End of the War Effects of blockade, Sherman, spread hunger in much of the South Grant continued to outflank Lee’s army until they collapsed @ Petersburg followed by Richmond (April 1865) Confederate army surrounded near Appomattox Court House in VA April 9, 1865 Lee surrendered to Grant

Assassination of Lincoln April 14, 1865 John Wilkes Booth shot Lincoln @ the Ford’s Theater ◦ Conspirator attacked Sec. of State Seward The assassination royally screwed over the South for Reconstruction. More on that later.