The Civil War Chapter 11 The Civil War
- Slides: 42
The Civil War Chapter 11
The Civil War Begins Section 1
Confederates Fire on Fort Sumter �Outside Charleston, S. C. (middle of harbor) �Union controlled �Major Robert Anderson �Lincoln faces dilemma �Jefferson Davis orders attack �Anderson forced to surrender to Gen. Beauregard �April 12, 1861
Virginia Secedes �Fall of Sumter unites North �Lincoln calls for more troops �April 14, 1861 Virginia secedes �AK, NC & TN follow �Western counties in VA secede from VA �Enter Union as West Virginia
Strategies �Union Strategies: � blockade southern ports, split Conf. forces at Mississippi river, capture Richmond: Anaconda plan �Confederate Strategies: � defensive strategy, encouraged attacks, invade North �Union Advantages: � manpower, factories, food & railroads �Confederate Advantages: � Money profits, better generals, motivated troops
Bull Run � July 1861: Lincoln orders attack on Richmond � Both armies converge at Bull Run Creek � Union led by Gen. Irvin Mc. Dowell � First ½ controlled by Union; Confederates dominate second ½ � Confederates led/inspired by General Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson � Union retreats � Confederates do not follow up victory
Union Armies in the West �After Bull Run Lincoln calls for 500, 000 men �Appoints George Mc. Clellan general of army �Trains & drills men �Soon becomes Army of Potomac �Goal to control Mississippi river �Mc. Clellan is slow to act
Forts Henry & Donelson �General Ulysses S. Grant invades western TN �Captures two main ports � Assisted by ironclads �Fort Henry on Tennessee River �Fort Donelson on Cumberland River
Shiloh � April 6 -7, 1862: � Grant gathers troops near Shiloh � Small TN church � Confederates surprise attack Union � Control early part of battle � Grant regroups army, forces Confederate retreat � Strategic lesson learned: � Importance of scouts & trenches � 25, 000 dead
Farragut on the Lower Mississippi �David G. Farragut: Union fleet commander � 40 ships under command �Plan: seize New Orleans �Flies past Confederate forts despite constant fire �Captures New Orleans in 5 days �Union controls lower Mississippi �Nearly cuts Conf. army in half
“On to Richmond” �Union wants to advance on Richmond �Mc. Clellan not ready…wants 270, 000 men � Too cautious �Finally brings army in Chesapeake Bay area �Confronted by Conf. general Robert E. Lee �Mc. Clellan scared by Lee; leaves Richmond
Antietam � Lee wins Second Battle of Bull Run � Advances into Union state of Maryland � Union gets lucky � Lee’s plans found � Separated from Jackson � Mc. Clellan aggressive for once � Armies meet at Antietam Creek � Bloodiest 1 -day battle in American History � Casualties > 26, 000 � Mc. Clellan could’ve ended war � Fired by Lincoln next day
The Politics of War Section 2
Lincoln’s View on Slavery � How did Lincoln view slavery? � Detested slavery � Fed. gov’t no power to abolish it � What is Lincoln’s goal? � Preserve Union � Orders seizure of Confederate supplies � Same powers to emancipate slaves � This discourages Britain from supporting Confederacy � Emancipation becomes Lincoln’s weapon
Emancipation Proclamation �January 1, 1863: issues Emancipation Proclamation �Who did it apply to? � States only in rebellion � Not to states already occupied by Union troops � Nor to states that didn’t secede �Union becomes liberators of slavery
Reactions to Proclamation �Becomes moral purpose �Now becomes fight for freedom �Union admits free blacks to army �Democrats think war will be prolonged � Antagonizing the South �Confederates outraged �Confederates now know consequences if war is lost
Dealing with Dissent �Sympathizers on both sides �Lincoln handles dissent with force �Suspends writ of habeas corpus �Ignores the Supreme Court �Many arrested were Copperheads �Power of president expanded
Conscription �Casualties lead to loss of volunteers �Leads to conscription �Some enlist �Others enlist and flee �Wealthy could pay for “substitutes” �Some enlist just for bounty then flee
Life During Wartime Section 3
African American Soldiers � Beginning was white man’s war � A. A. enlist following Emancipation Proclamation � By 1865: 10% of Union army � Still discriminated against � Separate regiments � Less pay or no pay � Labor duty � Germ infested areas � Massacre at Fort Pillow
Southern Shortages �Plantations decline �Food shortages � Prices rise � $6. 65/month to $68/month �Union occupy food-growing areas �Bread riots in South �Northern economy expands �Industries boom �First income tax instituted � Helps pay for war
Camps & Prisons �Soldiers have little regard for personal cleanliness �Low food rations �Prisons even worse �Andersonville: � Worst Confederate prison � 33, 000 imprisoned � No shelter � Drank from sewer � 1/3 prisoners died �Union prisons as bad
Clara Barton �Nurse in Union army �Worked mainly on front lines �Exposure to many diseases �“Angel of the battlefield” �Founded the….
The North Takes Charge Section 4
Prelude to Gettysburg �May 1863: Confederate victory at Chancellorsville �Union receives accidental consolation � Stonewall Jackson killed �Lee leads army North �Confederates in PA by July
Gettysburg � Fought due to lack of shoes � Confederates led by Gen. A. P. Hill � Union led by Gen. John Buford � Union stationed on high ground � Buford “ambushes” Hill’s army � Day 1: July 1, 1863 � 30, 000 Confederates defeat 20, 000 Union soldiers � Union now under command of Gen. George Meade � Key position is Cemetery Ridge
The Second Day � July 2: 90, 000 Yankees vs. 70, 000 Confederates � Lee orders Gen. James Longstreet to attack Cemetery Ridge � Union left positions � Confederates take Little Round Top � Union under Col. Joshua Chamberlain � Low on ammo � Use just bayonets � Retake Little Round Top
The Third Day � Lee still confident � 2 -hour barrage by both sides � Conf. attack Union lines � Charge led by Gen. Pickett � Caught in middle of Union forces � Conf. army crippled � Retreats to VA � Casualties > 50, 000 � Lee wants to resign
Vicksburg Under Siege �Grant bombards Vicksburg for weeks �Want to control Mississippi River �Confederates defend city for weeks �Union positions cut off supplies �Conf. starving �July 4, 1863: Vicksburg falls to Union
Gettysburg Address �November 19, 1863 �Ceremony to dedicating cemetery �Lincoln asked to close ceremony � 2 -minute speech �“Remade America” �“The United States are” vs. “The United States is”
Morale in Confederacy �Armistice only hope? �South worn down �Soldiers desert army �Join Union army �Gov’t falling apart
Grant Appoints Sherman �March 1864: Lincoln appoints Grant General of Armies �Grant appoints William Tecumseh Sherman commander of Mississippi division �Change course of war �Total war belief �Destroy South’s will
Grant in Virginia �Grant bombards VA �Attack, attack �Northern casualties affordable �May 4 – June 18, 1864 � Grant loses 65, 000 � Lee 35, 000 �Grant: “No turning back. ”
Sherman’s March � Focuses on Atlanta � Surrounded by Confederate army � Takes offensive � Abandons supply line; marches to sea � Destroys everything in path � Captures Savannah � Heads North to aid Grant � “wipe out Lee” � 25, 000 slaves follow
The Surrender at Appomattox � 1864: Lincoln reelected � 1865: end of Confederacy near �Grant & Lee approach Richmond �Davis & gov’t flee, burn city �April 9, 1865: � Lee surrenders to Grant at Appomattox Court House
The Legacy of War Section 5
Political Changes �Federal gov’t has power �More control over citizens �New taxes �Paper money not coins
Economic Changes �National Bank Act of 1863 �Economy rises & falls �What declined/rose? �North booms � coal, iron, ships �South devastated � Farms & RR destroyed �National wealth in South: � 1861: 30% � 1870: 12%
Cost of War �Est. 620, 000 combined dead � Union: 360, 000 � Confederate: 260, 000 � 500, 000 + wounded/amputees �Estimated $3. 3 billion spent by both governments
New Birth of Freedom �Slavery still in border states �Lincoln: amendment abolishing it � 13 th Amendment �Reintroduced January 1865 �Passed December 1865
Leaders Return to Civilian Life �Mc. Clellan: NJ governor in 1878 �Sherman: remained in army �Davis: captured & imprisoned for 2 years �Lee: lost home, which became…. � Never regained citizenship
The Assassination of Lincoln � 5 days after surrender � April 14, 1865: � Abe & Mary Todd at Ford’s Theatre � Our American Cousin � John Wilkes Booth – well- known actor/Confederate sympathizer � Shoots Lincoln in back of head � Jumps from box; breaks leg � On the run for 12 days � 7: 22 a. m. next morning: Lincoln dies
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