The Civil War A Nation Divided Political Genius

The Civil War A Nation Divided

Political Genius of Abraham Lincoln • Inherent Advantages for Lincoln – North long established government – financially stable – Internationally recognized • Cabinet: Team of Rivals…why? – William Seward: Secretary of State – Salmon Chase: Secretary of Treasury – Edwin Stanton: Secretary of Defense (1862) – Edward Bates: Attorney General

Political Genius of Abraham Lincoln • Lincoln’s Goal at the outset: Preserve the Union – Why does Lincoln not come out and make this a war about Emancipation? • Border States • IL, IN, OH not supportive of war effort • Many pro-slavery sympathizers in North – Lincoln walks the political tight rope… – Does this work against the claim that the Civil War was over the issue of slavery?

Political Genius of Abraham Lincoln • Lincoln played diplomatic game (William Seward…key) – Constant Eye on Relations with Europe – Wisely backed down in Trent Affair – Issuing of Emancipation Proclamation…perfectly timed • Lincoln’s bold Executive Actions – Congress out of session • Lincoln install blockade • Increased the size of the army w/o Congress. Authorization – Suspended writ of habeas corpus – Instituted Martial Law where needed – Censored newspapers, arrested editors who publish “antiunion” materials

Jefferson Davis and Confederacy • Confederacy built upon unstable government – Form of government, predicated on states’ rights works against itself. – Some states refuse to allow their troops to serve outside their border – Lack sufficient funding…why? • Blockade/Cotton Embargo • Blockade Runners not successfully utilized – Rampant inflation • Jefferson Davis – Constant turnover in his cabinet (polarizing figure: 4 sec. of state; 6 sec. of war) – Not the great communicator Lincoln was…but did what he could – Often defies public opinion • Conscription Act, martial law, impressment of supplies, tax on cotton/slaves

Lincoln’s Generals Winfield Scott Irwin Mc. Dowell George Mc. Clellan Joseph Hooker Ambrose Burnside Ulysses S. Grant George Meade

Confederate Generals “Stonewall” Jackson Nathan Bedford Forrest George Pickett Jeb Stuart James Longstreet Robert E. Lee

Role of Foreign Governments • Why did many foreign governments (esp. Britain and France) welcome the Civil War? – Who in Europe supported South? Who opposed? • Why did South think it could count on British support? – Thought G. B. dependent on Southern cotton (75% of cotton from South) • But Britain had stockpiles/surplus…by time G. B. ran low, Lincoln had issued emancipation proclamation • Britain got cotton from Egypt, India, and Union shipped captured cotton • Playing Sides – Why was Europe in many ways more dependent on North? • Europe/Britain bad harvests need abundant northern wheat and corn

Role of Foreign Governments • Crisis with Britain: Trent Affair – Union captures Confederate diplomats aboard British ship the Trent (James Mason/John Slidell) – British demand apology and release of prisoners – Lincoln takes the high road • Britain: Chief Confederate Naval Base--British build Confederate “commerce-raiders” – CSS Alabama • Laird Rams – Confederate warships constructed by John Laird in Britain – Could sink wooden ships with iron rams and bigger guns…would’ve hurt Union blockade, led Union to invade Canada, sparking war with Britain – U. S. threatens war if ships delivered to Confederates – How does this effect relations with Canada?

Role of Foreign Governments • Napolean III of France: – Invades Mexico City and installs Austrian Archduke, Maximilian as emperor of Mexico… – Flagrant violation of Monroe Doctrine…Napolean gambles on Union collapse – When war ends, Union mobilizes on French in Mexico…Napolean III backs out

The War Begins… • As Lincoln was inaugurated, he was already facing the issue of what to do about Ft. Sumter. – Confederates had already seized most of the forts, customs houses, post offices in the South • James Buchanan didn’t believe he had the authority to act against Secession – Ft. Sumter in the key Confederate port of Charleston, SC – What was the issue regarding Sumter? • What did Lincoln decide to do? Why? • How did Jefferson Davis react?

April 12, 1861: Firing on Ft. Sumter • Significance: – – – Opening of “battle” of Civil War Confederates capture most significant of southern ports Lincoln calls for 75, 000 volunteers & begins blockade…this leads too… VA, NC, AR, TN Seceding…and fuels call to arms in South Although military loss, why might this be a victory for Lincoln and the Union? • Builds support for the war in the North; prior to public supported peaceable secession

Keeping Hold of the Border States

Border States • Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland, Delaware • What were the Border States? – States with slavery, but remained “loyal” to the Union • Why were they so significant? – – – Increase Confederate population by 45% (2/3 of South’s white population) Double industrial production 48% increase in horses, mules, and donkeys Over half of South food and fuel production All in strategically important areas for the Union Kentucky: home to Tennessee and Cumberland Rivers which feed into heart of the South • What tactics did Lincoln use to maintain loyalty of the Border States? – – Maryland: Lincoln used Martial Law; Suspend Habeas Corpus Missouri: Sent Union troops to maintain loyalty Kentucky: Maintain neutrality Delaware: Loyal to Union throughout (only 2% slave)

North’s Civil War Strategy • Anaconda Plan – – How does an Anaconda kill its prey? Blockade Southern Ports Take Control of MS River and Divide Confederacy Take over Richmond (Confed. Capitol)

First Battle of Bull Run (1 st Manassas): July 1861 – First, major land battle – Confederate Victory—Stonewall Jackson makes his famous stand earning him his nickname – Proved to the Union this was going to be a long and bloody war—Lincoln increased enlistments from 75, 000 to 500, 000 – Irvin Mcdowell replaced by George Mc. Clellan as commander – Although a military defeat, why was it beneficial to the North?

Critical Thinking Question • Why, despite the North’s massive advantages did the work go on for so long? – What kind of war is this? • Rebellion…as long as Confed. army exists somewhere, the war will continue…(i. e. Iraq, Afghanistan)

Battle of Ironclads: March 1862 • Why might the Civil War been called the “First Modern War? ” • USS Monitor v. CSS Merrimac – Revolution in military technology – 1 st time two ironclads ships face off – Made wooden ships obsolete – Encourages new weapons (i. e. torpedo)

Transition to Modern Warfare • Launching a new era in warfare…stepping stone between Napoleanic Wars and WWI – – – – Minie Ball Rifled guns and artillery (600 yd. range) Spencer Repeating Rifle (7 Shot) Gatling Gun Canister Shells Railroad Telegraph Engineers needed • Tactics don’t keep up with the weaponry, thus casualty statistics are ghastly America: The Story of Us--Minie Ball

Battle of Shiloh • Shiloh April 6 -7, 1862 – Major battle on western front; deadliest battle in U. S. History up to that point – Confederate withdraw gives the Union control of vital railroad connecting TN and MS – Further solidifies hold on Tennessee…opens door to Georgia; secures hold of Kentucky by Union • Consequences for South – Beginning to show supply troubles for South…large foodstuffs, but can’t ship it…total war strategy by North – By 1862, Confederates forced to install draft for 17 -50 year olds • New Orleans April 25, 1862

Peninsula Campaign (Spring-Summer 1862) • Push to capture Richmond, VA • Mc. Clellan pushed back by Lee, despite Confederates suffering 2 x the casualties • Total War Strategy Adopted – Blockade ports; liberate slaves; seize MS River and divide south; crush south with drive through GA and Carolinas; capture Richmond; attack main Confederate forces and drive it into submission – Lincoln starts drafting Eman. Proc.

Battle of Antietam • Following Peninsula Campaign, Lee emboldened to invade North – Seeks foreign recognition – Win support of border states – Fuel anti-war movement in North

Lincoln and Mc. Clellan • Antietam: 1862

Antietam: Sept. 17, 1862 • Significance – Bloodiest single day of battle in U. S. history (23, 000 casualties) – Lee/Confed. repelled in 1 st invasion of North – Confed. lose chance British/French support – Lincoln replaces Mc. Clellan with Ambrose Burnside – Encouraged Lincoln to issue Emancipation Proclamation: Changing the War Confederate soldiers lie dead at “Bloody Lane” --Antietam

Emancipation Proclamation: Jan. 1, 1863 http: //www. history. com/topics/american-civilwar/emancipation-proclamation/videos Freed only those slaves in Southern states rebelling against the Union Didn’t free slaves in the Border states…Why? Emancipation Proclamation: A Turning Point

Emancipation Proclamation • Timing: – Right as cotton surplus running out in G. B. and British workers being displaced • Political Genius of Lincoln: – Changes war to moral crusade/one of liberation • While maintaining loyalty of the Border States – Ensured war would not be mediated end, but fight to the finish – …but costs Lincoln and Republicans in 1862 elections; desertions increase in north – Wins support of working class in Europe – More than anything…doomed Confederacy to defeat

African American Recruitment Poster Famous 54 th Mass. Regiment

African Americans in Battle

Gettysburg: July 1 -3, 1863 • Union defeated at Fredericksburg and Chancellorsville…but Confed. lose Stonewall… • Why would Lee look to launch massive offensive in the North at this time? • Union/ Confed. forces converge in Gettysburg, PA – Union: Meade v. Confed: Lee Strategy at Gettysburg Pickett's Charge

Gettysburg: July 1 -3, 1863 • Turning point for the Union in the East – Vicksburg, MS falls following day (July 4) • Confederate loss puts them on the defensive for rest of war – Crushed any lingering hope of foreign intervention • Deadliest battle of the war (51, 000)

Gettysburg Day 1 1863

Gettysburg Day 2, 1863 • Lee’s Plan of Attack • Overview of Actual Attack

Gettysburg Day 3, 1863

Gettysburg Casualties

Gettysburg Address (11/19/1863) Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent a new nation, conceived in liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal. Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation, so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great battle-field of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of that field, as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this. But, in a larger sense, we can not dedicate, we can not consecrate, we can not hallow this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it, far above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us—that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion—that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain —that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom—and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.

Gettysburg Address Discussion Prompts • What events in American history does Abraham Lincoln refer to in the Gettysburg Address? • Why was Lincoln called upon to speak at Gettysburg? • What is his overall message to the American people? • Why is the Gettysburg Address still relevant today?

Vicksburg • Vicksburg July 4, 1863 – Turning point in the war (along w/ Gettysburg) • Ensures no foreign intervention • Britain refuses to release Laird Rams to Confederate • French w/draw sale of 6 naval ships – Allows the Union to take control of the Mississippi and divide the South in half – Big win for Ulysses S. Grant…earning Lincoln’s confidence – Quiets anti-war movement in North

NYC Draft Riots (July 13 -16, 1863) • Volunteer army until 1863… • Riots: Response to draft calls by Lincoln – Rioters: Primarily working class-Irish men • Resent wealthy men, who could avoid the draft by paying $300 to hire a substitute. • Turns into ugly race riot – Over 100 African Americans killed, 2000 injured • Largest civil insurrection in US History (besides Civil War itself)

Occupation of Soldiers • Combined occupation of Union/Confed. Soldiers

1864 -1865 • Ulysses S. Grant – Helps Break Confederate lines in NW Georgia following Union def. at Chickamauga – Appointed Union Commanding General – William T. Sherman: Grant’s most trusted subordinate • Sherman Uses Total War – Psychological Warfare…crush Southern morale – Intimidate Southern soldiers so they flee to protect families… – Destroy all industry, cotton fields, railroads – Plunder food sources

Total War: Sherman’s March. . . IV. The army will forage liberally on the country during the march. To this end, each brigade commander will organize a good and sufficient foraging party, under the command of one or more discreet officers, who will gather, near the route traveled, corn or forage of any kind, meat of any kind, vegetables, corn-meal, or whatever is needed by the command, aiming at all times to keep in the wagons at least ten day's provisions for the command three days' forage. Soldiers must not enter the dwellings of the inhabitants, or commit any trespass, but during a halt or a camp they may be permitted to gather turnips, apples, and other vegetables, and to drive in stock of their camp. To regular foraging parties must be instructed the gathering of provisions and forage at any distance from the road traveled. V. To army corps commanders alone is entrusted the power to destroy mills, houses, cotton-gins, &c. , and for them this general principle is laid down: In districts and neighborhoods where the army is unmolested no destruction of such property should be permitted; but should guerrillas or bushwhackers molest our march, or should the inhabitants burn bridges, obstruct roads, or otherwise manifest local hostility, then army commanders should order and enforce a devastation more or less relentless according to the measure of such hostility.

Total War: Sherman’s March • VI. As for horses, mules, wagons, &c. , belonging to the inhabitants, the cavalry and artillery may appropriate freely and without limit, discriminating, however, between the rich, who are usually hostile, and the poor or industrious, usually neutral or friendly. Foraging parties may also take mules or horses to replace the jaded animals of their trains, or to serve as pack-mules for the regiments or brigades. In all foraging, of whatever kind, the parties engaged will refrain from abusive or threatening language, and may, where the officer in command thinks proper, give written certificates of the facts, but no receipts, and they will endeavor to leave with each family a reasonable portion for their maintenance. • VII. Negroes who are able-bodied and can be of service to the several columns may be taken along, but each army commander will bear in mind that the question of supplies is a very important one and that his first duty is to see to them who bear arms

Sherman’s March to the Sea (Nov. 15 -Dec. 21 1864) • Led 60, 000 Union troops Atlanta to Savannah, GA (then up thru SC and NC)…employs total war • Significance: – Sherman’s “Christmas Present to Abraham Lincoln”…why? – Captured Atlanta • South’s most Industrialized and RR hub – Left path of destruction throughout GA, SC, and NC…Crushed Southern Morale – Symbolized impending defeat for Confederacy

Sherman’s March

Sherman Neckties: Tearing Up the Tracks

Sherman’s March: Path of Destruction

Sherman’s March: Path of Destruction Savannah, GA Charleston, SC Columbia, SC Richmond, VA

Pres. Election: 1864

War Coming to a Close… 1865

Confederate Surrender! • Fall of Richmond April 3, 1865 • Appomattox Courthouse April 9, 1865 – Lee surrenders to Grant, ending the Civil War.

“The Night They Drove Old Dixie Down” • Virgil Kane is the name And I served on the Danville train 'Till Stoneman's cavalry came And tore up the tracks again • In the winter of '65 We were hungry, just barely alive By May the 10 th, Richmond had fell It's a time I remember, oh so well Like my father before me I will work the land And like my brother above me Who took a rebel stand The night they drove old Dixie down And the bells were ringing The night they drove old Dixie down And the people were singing They went, "Na, na, la, na, la" He was just 18, proud and brave But a Yankee laid him in his grave I swear by the mud below my feet You can't raise a Kane back up When he's in defeat Back with my wife in Tennessee When one day she called to me "Virgil, quick, come see, There goes Robert E. Lee!" Now, I don't mind chopping wood And I don't care if the money's no good You take what you need The Band--The And you leave the rest But they should never Waltz Have taken the very best The night they drove old Dixie down And the bells were ringing The night they drove old Dixie down And all the people were singing They went, "Na, na, la, na, na, la" Last The night they drove old Dixie down And all the bells were ringing The night they drove old Dixie down And the people were singing They went, "Na, na, la, na, la"

Quick Review • Why is the Civil War called the 1 st Modern War? • What was the significance of the Battle of Antietam? • What was the Emancipation Proclamation? How did it change the war? – What Amendment will officially abolish slavery? • Why were the Battle of Gettysburg and Battle of Vicksburg considered to be turning points in the war? • What was Sherman’s March to the Sea? Why was it significant? • Where did Robert E. Lee surrender to Ulysses S. Grant? When?

April 15, 1865 • Lincoln’s Assassination – Killed at Ford’s Theatre by Confed. sympathizer John Wilkes Booth

Ford’s Theatre (April 15, 1865)

Recapping the War Impact on the U. S.

More than Just Numbers • • 31, 433, 321 3, 000 620, 000 375, 175 7, 000 23 2. 5

Casualties • 620, 000 -700, 000 • How did most soldiers die? More than the current population of Boston, Denver, Seattle, and Baltimore • 2. 5% of the population • Count to 700, 000 Estimated ½ million at Woodstock

Casualties in the War

Shiloh and Antietam • Shiloh: More dead in two days than 70 years • Antietam: Bloodiest day in American History (23, 100)

Gettysburg • 51, 112 • Population of Carmel 68, 000 – How would life be different? • Korea in 3 days

Cold Harbor (6/3/1864) • 7, 000 killed in 20 minutes

Odds Weren’t Good 23%

How Does the Civil War Compare to other Conflicts?

One million dots • http: //www. vendian. org/envelope/dir 2/lots_ of_dots/million_dots. html

Why? • Why was this such a deadly war? – Called the “First Modern War” • What explanation is there for such death and destruction?

Effects of the War • Civil War leads to two United Countries: – U. S. – And in 1867 united Dominion of Canada established by Britain to bolster against possible vengeful U. S. • Effects on Economy – – Excise taxes, income tax levied Morrill Tariff Act (1861) Greenbacks and bonds National Banking System authorized in 1863 • Sell govt. bonds, issue standard bank-note currency (replaced by Federal Reserve in 1913) – New factories born; big business owners rake in profits (millionaire class) – Technology advances: sewing machine, allows industry to keep up, as men go to war – Mechanical reaper allows surplus food, traded with Europe for munitions – Homestead Act

Effects of the War • Southern Economy: crushed – Blockade – Minimal income from taxes due to states’ rights – Massive inflation – Income collapses – Transportation collapsed – Southern economy falls even further behind northern industrial giant

Role of Women • Importance of the U. S. Sanitary Commission (Nursing Corps) – Clara Barton & Dorothea Dix – Transformation of the profession • Female soldiers & spies • Work in factories (1/3 workers)

Key Legislation • • Homestead Act Emancipation Proclamation Pacific Railway Act National Bank Act

Discussion Prompts • Was peaceable secession possible? – Issue of Fugitive Slaves; – No natural geographic borders – What to do with territories; many earned with southern blood? • Did South have a chance to win? – Only had to fight to a draw – If border states had seceded? – If IN, OH, IL turned on the Union – If foreign powers entered on their behalf?

Begin Reconstruction • Start Reconstruction w/ 2 nd Inaugural Address Analysis